美国文学简史复习纲要.docx
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美国文学简史复习纲要
Preparedon22November2020
美国文学简史复习纲要
美国文学简史复习纲要
ColonialPeriod殖民时期（1600s-1790s）
AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义：
self-examination/self-improvement
（1703-1758）：
Calvinist加尔文教徒
本杰明富兰克林（1706-1790）
（1）PoorRichard’sAlmanac
（2）TheAutobiography自传
EarlyAmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）
（1）Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.
华盛顿欧文（1783-1859）
namesattachedtoIrving
（1）firstAmericanwriter
（2）themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld
（3）fatherofAmericanliterature美国文学之父
（1）TheSketchBook见闻札记:
RipVanWinkle,TheLegendofSleepyHollow
Cooper库柏（1789-1851）
（1）LeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集:
TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie
achievements
Cooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.
SummitofRomanticism–NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期（1840s-）
提出1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》
oversoul
ofindividualism
–symbolofspirit/God
inintuition（irrationalismandsubconsciousness）
helpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance美国文学复兴–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature、independentAmericanculture.
Emerson（1802-1882）
（1）Nature—themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。
（2）TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》regardedasthe“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.
Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）
（1）Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicity…simplify!
”
（2）APleaforJohnBrown（anessay）：
Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.
LateRomanticism浪漫主义后期
（1804-1864）
（1）TheScarletLetter红字：
HesterPrynne女主人公、ArthurDimmesdale通奸的牧师、RogerChillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿
ofview
（1）Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”
（2）Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration（causality）.
–typicalromanticwriter
（1819-1891）
MobyDick白鲸
RomanticPoets
沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）
:
LeavesofGrass（9editions）草叶集
（1）SongofMyself自我之歌
（2）WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d为纪念林肯总统而写
（3）IHearAmericasinging
:
“freeverse”自由诗体
（1）HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.
（2）HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.
Dickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）
（1）MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsClose
（2）BecauseICan’tStopforDeath
（3）IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied
:
basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows
（1）poemswithouttitles
（2）directness,brevity
（3）capitalletters–emphasis
（4）shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas
:
Whitmanvs.Dickinson
:
（1）Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.
（2）Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:
theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.
:
（1）Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.
（2）WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.
（3）Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique”（direct,simplestyle）whichWhitmandoesn’thave.
EdgarAllenPoe埃德加爱伦坡（）
stories
（1）detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父
FoundinaBottle瓶中手稿
intheRueMorgue莫格街杀人案
（2）Revenge,deathandrebirth、gothicnovels哥特小说
FalloftheHouseofUsher亚舍古屋的倒塌
（3）Literarytheory
PoeticPrinciple：
最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝
:
TheRaven乌鸦、AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李
:
“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”.horror.
–traditional,butnoteasytoread
TheAgeofRealism现实主义时期：
内战（1861-1865）--一战
:
FromRomanticismtoRealism
1880’urbanization:
fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism
closingofAmericanfrontier
inRealisticPeriod
Howells（1837--1920）–“DeanofAmericanRealism”
（1）Realisticprinciples：
habitualmoods/motives
（2）Works:
TheRiseofSilasLapham
（1843-1916）
:
internationaltheme
DaisyMiller
ThePortraitofaLady
TheAmbassadors大使：
Strether主人公
TheWingsoftheDove
TheGoldenBowl
（1）Pointofview
forefatherofstreamofconsciousness
Twain（seenextsection）
LocalColorism
1860s,1870s~1890s
HamlinGarland:
CrumblingIdols
BretHarte:
TheLuckofRoaringCamp
KateChopin–TheAwakening觉醒
Twain（1835-1910）–Mississippi
LanghorneClemens真名
（1）TheGildedAge镀金时代
（2）TheadvantagesofHuckleberryFinn:
Jim、raft木筏
（3）TheAdventuresofTomSawyer
（4）LifeontheMississippi
（1）colloquialstyle,vernacularlanguage,dialects口语方言的运用
（2）localcolour
（3）humour
（4）socialcriticism（satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety）
thethree“giants”ofAmericanRealism
Howells–middleclass
James–upperclass
Twain–lowerclass
Howells–smiling/genteelrealism
James–psychologicalrealism
Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism
AmericanNaturalism美国自然主义
’stheory:
“naturalselection”
’sidea:
“socialDarwinism”
Naturalism:
Zora
andheredity
tone:
hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety
Itpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“lostgeneration”and.Eliot.
:
Maggie：
AGirloftheStreets、TheRedBadgeofCourage
:
McTeague、TheOctopus[railway]
:
SisterCarrie、AnAmericanTragedy
:
MartinEden
TheModernPeriod
The1920s:
Roaring20s、JazzAge
The1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.（第一次是超验主义）
Background：
FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”一战
Imagism（1908-1917）
I.Background
ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature“haiku”
II.Development:
threestages
~1909:
London,Hulme
~1914:
England->America,EzraPound
~1917:
AmyLowell
III.Whatisan“image”
AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.
VI.EzraPound（1885-1972）
（1）InaStationoftheMetro
（2）Cantos：
“theintellectualdiarysince1915”
（3）HughSelwynMauberley
HeisregardedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.
VII.T.S.Eliot
TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock
TheWasteLand（epic）
FourQuarters
MurderintheCathedral（play）
:
objectivecorrelative客观对应物
Stevens（1879-1955）:
AnecdoteoftheJar、TheEmperorofIce-Cream
CarlosWilliams（1883-1963）:
TheRedWheelbarrow、SpringandAll、Paterson
Frost（1874-1963）:
在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌nation’sunofficialPoetLaureate
–poems
NorthofBoston:
TheRoadNotTaken、StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening、PickingApples
style/featuresofhispoems
（1）MostofhispoemstookNewEnglandassetting,andthesubjectswerechosenfromdailylifeofordinarypeople.
（2）Althoughhewaspopularduring1920s,hedidn’texperimentlikeothermodernpoets.Heusedconventionalforms,plainlanguage,traditionalmetre,andwroteinapasturedtradition.
IX.CarlSandburg（1878-1967）:
ChicagoPoems、Fog“thewordofthepeople”
E.E.Cummings（1894-1963）:
“ajugglerwithsyntax,grammaranddiction”–individualism,“painterpoet”
HartCrane（1899-1932）:
TheBridge
MarianneMoore:
TheFish
Novelsinthe1920s
.ScottFitzgerald（1896-1940）
（1）ThisSideofParadise
（2）TheGreatGatsby:
Daisy、TomBuchanan、NickCarraway
（3）TenderistheNight
（4）TalesoftheJazzAge
ofview
（1）Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature.
（2）Hisnovelsfollowapattern:
dream–lackofattraction–failureanddespair.
GreatGatsby
Narrativepointofview–Nick
Heisrelatedtoeveryoneinthenovelandiscalmanddetectedobserverwhoisneverquicktomakejudgements.Selectedomniscientpointofview
（1899-1961）:
thespokesmanoftheLostGenerationbyGertrudeStein（1874-1946）
:
protagonist:
thetypicalHemingwayhero
（1）TheSunAlsoRises:
JackBarnes、
（2）AFarewelltoArms:
FredericHenry、Catherine
（3）ForWhomtheBellTolls
（4）TheOldManandtheSea:
Santiago
–“graceunderpressure”
（1）warandinfluenceofwaronpeople,withscenesconnectedwithhunting,bullfightingwhichdemandstaminaandcourage,andwiththequestion“howtolivewithpain”,“howhumanbeinglivegracefullyunderpressure”.
（2）“codehero”
TheHemingwayheroisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent,amanofaction,andoneoffewwords.Thatisanindividualistkeepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplace.Thesepeopleareusuallyspiritualstrong,peopleofcertainskills,andmostofthemencounterdeathmanytimes.
（1）Icebergprinciple:
understatement,impliedthings电报式对话
–“theworstimportantwriterinAmericanliterature”美国第一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者。
Asociologicalwriter.
：
MainStreet
:
apersonalwriter.
（1876-1941）:
Winesburg,Ohio[grotesques]小镇下层民众的精神世界。
（1873-1947）：
womenprotagonists、prairiestateoftheNebraska、immigrants
（1）TheSongoftheLark
（2）MyAntonia:
JimBurden
SouthernLiterature/Renaissance
（1897-1962）:
TheSoundandtheFury:
theCompsons、Benjy/Caddy/Quentin/Jason、Dilsey
AsILayDying
LightinAugust:
JoeChristmas、JoannaBurden、LenaGrove、Hightower
Absalom,Absalom
ARoseforEmily
:
nostalgia
（1）historyandrace
Heexplainsthepresentbyexaminingthepast,bytellingthestoriesofseveralgenerationsoffamilytoshowhowhistorychangeslife.Hewasinterestedintherelationshipbetweenblacksandwhites,especiallyconcernedabouttheproblemsofthepeoplewhowereofthemixedraceofblackandwhite,unacceptabletobothraces.
featuresofhisworks
（1）“anti-her
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