英美文学重点作者汇总.docx

英美文学重点作者汇总.docx

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英美文学重点作者汇总

一、早期和中世纪的英国文学

◆GeoffreyChaucerii

1.简介：

GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetryandaforerunnerofhumanism.HewasregardedasthefounderofEnglishrealism.代表作：

TroilusandCriseyde《特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达》（改变于意大利）；TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》（包括：

“ThePrologue”《总序》；“TheWifeofBath”《巴斯妇人》）。

●TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》的影响：

①Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer’stime.（之所以说乔叟是Thefounderofrealism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄（Anglo-Saxonpoetry），中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神（TheRomance），之后虽然有了pierstheplowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。

）②Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,ChauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.③Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,thecorruptionoftheChurch.

2.语言特色/贡献：

①HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.②HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheHeroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.③Heisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.

二、英国文艺复兴

◆ThomasMoreii

1.简介：

ThomasMoreisanEnglishhumanismchurchman.代表作：

Utopia《乌托邦》。

2.评价：

①Moredaredtofightagainstthefeudalismrulerandhewasahumanist.②But,hewasnorevolutionaryinthesenseofwishingtoarousethepeopleortostartanyrevolutionarymovement.③Thesystemofbondsmensuggestedtosolvetheproblemofsocialproductivitystillremainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation.④Hecouldneverfindthemeansbywhichsocialismcouldberealized.

◆FrancisBacon

3.简介：

HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy,thefirstEnglishessayistandthefounderofEnglishModernScience.Heistheonewhointroducedessay,theliteraryform,toEngland.代表作：

AdvancementofLearning《学问的演进》；NewInstrument《新工具》；TheEssays《随笔》（58篇）“OfStudies”《论学习》；“OfBeauty”《论美》；“OfWisdomforaMan’sSelf”《论自私》。

●“OfStudies”《论学习》：

Itsmessageisconveyedwithsweepingeffectandoverwhelmingpower,whichlieintheunityofthemessageandtheconsistenceofforcefulargumentations.内容：

Thetextfocusesononecontrollingidea——“studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.”

●“OfBeauty”《论美》：

Unlikemanyofhiscontemporaries,Baconmakesfulluseofsomeageravocabularytoexplicatehisgreattheme:

thecriterionofbeauty.Hemakesaconclusionthatonlythebeautyofvirtuecan“shine”eternally,beyondtimeandspace.

4.主题/技法：

Bacon’sessaywritingisclassifiedintoClassicEssay.Theclassicessayisascomprehensiveinsubjectmattersandstylesasinallclassicliterature.Insubjects,theclassicessaydealswithavarietyofthemes:

philosophy,literarycriticism,arts,politics,history,socialproblems,travelsandotheraspectsoflife.Instyle,Baconisweightandhighlysententious.Manyofhissentenceshavebecomewiseoldsayings.

◆EdmundSpenser

5.简介：

EdmundSpenserwasrecognizedasthe“Poet’spoet”.代表作：

TheShepherd’sCalendar《牧羊人日历》；Epithalamion《结婚曲》；Amoritti《爱情小唱》；TheFaerieQueene《仙后》。

●TheSpenserianStanza:

Itreferstoanine-line-stanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:

ababbcbcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterwhichiscalledanalexandrine.

●TheFaerieQueene《仙后》：

①Alongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.②ItissetinthemythicalworldofKingArthurandhisknights.③theme:

Nationalism,HumanismandPuritanism.

6.地位：

①ThepublicationofTheShepherd’sCalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland（Ireland）.②ThelanguagehadchangedintoModernEnglishdistinguishedfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucer’sday.Spenseristhefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.③HeinventedtheSpenserianstanza,whichbecameapopularverseforminthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishpoetry.

◆ChristopherMarloweii

7.简介：

ChristopherMarlowewasthemostpreeminentfigureamongthe“universitywits”,aswellasthegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeare.代表作：

Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》（对权力的贪婪）；TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》（对金钱的贪欲）；DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》。

●DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》：

Theplaydealswiththemesincludingsin,redemption,anddamnation.ThechieffeatureofFaustus’scharacterisaninsatiablethirstforknowledge.ThetragedyofDoctorFaustusischaracteristicofahumanistintheageofRenaissance.

8.社会意义：

①Marlowe’splaysshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie.Theheroesofhisplaysaretypicalimagesoftheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.②ThethemeofMarlowe’splaysisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw.③However,theheroesinMarlowe’splaysaremerelyindividualists.Theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.

9.文学成就：

①MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HereformedtheEnglishdramaandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.②HefirstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.③Althoughhisplayslackofvarietyincharacterizationandconstruction,hewasfamousforhis“mightyline”.

◆WilliamShakespeare

10.简介：

Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoetallovertheworld.戏剧分期：

①1590-1594初期，实验各种戏剧类型。

早期人物塑造不够丰满，历史精确性不够，以诗剧为主要形式却无法摆脱押韵诗的死板僵硬。

HenryVI《亨利六世》；RichardIII《理查德三世》；TheComedyofErrors《错中错》；TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》；Love’sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》；RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。

②1595-1600成熟期，史剧、十四行诗都很成熟。

总体上积极向上但已有了些许苦痛，人物成熟饱满，史料丰富，采用马洛的无韵诗写法。

RichardII《理查德二世》；HenryIV《亨利四世》；HenryV《亨利五世》；TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》；JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯·凯撒》；伟大喜剧“GreatComedies”——AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之梦》，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》；AsYouLikeit《皆大欢喜》；TwelfthNight《第十二夜》。

③1601-1607伟大悲剧时期，由于社会剧变，作品悲观。

All’sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》；MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》；AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼和克里奥佩特拉》；伟大悲剧“GreatTragedies”——Hamlet《哈姆莱特》；Othello《奥赛罗》；KingLear《李尔王》；Macbeth《麦克白》。

④传奇剧时代。

Cymbeline《辛白林》；TheWinter’sTale《冬天的童话》；TheTempest《暴风雨》；HenryVIII《亨利八世》。

⑤诗歌：

VenusandAdonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》；TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》；Sonnets《十四行诗集》。

◆BenJonson

11.简介：

BenJonsonwasoneoftheleadingdramatistsoftheRenaissanceperiod.代表作：

EveryManinHisHumour《个性互异》；Volpone,ortheFox《福尔蓬奈》（或《狐狸》）；TheAlchemist《炼金术士》；BartholomewFair《巴梭罗缪市集》。

12.作品特点：

①Jonson’scomediesare“comediesofhumours”.Hisportrayalofcharactersisone-sided,flat,andlackingdevelopmentinsteadofbeingroundandflexible.②Jonsontookafirmstandforthe“threeunities”（time,placeandaction）andstronglydisapprovedofamixtureofseriousandcomicepisodesinaplay.③Headvocatesatruthfulandrealisticdescriptionoflifeandpeople.HewasaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.

三、英国资产阶级革命时期

◆JohnMilton

1.简介：

JohnMiltonisthethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare.早期写诗歌，中期写宣传册，晚期写史诗。

代表作：

“Lycidas”《利西达斯》（悼亡诗）；“OnhisDeceasedWife”《致亡妻》；Areopagirica《论出版自由》；DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民辩护》（查理二世雇人写文章讨伐英国人民，因为当年他们支持处死查理一世，米尔顿写此文为英国人民辩护。

）；ParadiseLost《失乐园》；ParadiseRegained《复乐园》；SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》。

●ParadiseLost《失乐园》:

概况：

Paradiselost,consistingof12books,naturallydividesintothreeequalpartsoffourbookseach.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestamentandwritteninblankverse.InthisworkMiltontriedtoanswertheoldquestionchallengingallChristians,namely:

ifGodisall-goodandall-powerful,whyistheresomuchsufferingandevilinthisworld?

主题：

Therearethreestrikingaspectsofhisintentioncanbefeltinthisepic:

hisfaithinGod,hisinclinationforclassicism,andhisyearningforreformationandfreedom.人物：

①Satan,thoughdefeated,stillsoughtrevenge,isthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem.Thoughfeeblerinforce,heremainssuperiorinnobility,sinceheprefersindependencetohappyservility.SatanisthespiritofquestioningtheauthorityofGod.②InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot,seateduponathronewithachorusofangelsabouthimeternallysinginghispraises.However,wecannevertakeitforgrantedthatMiltonisattackingGod.TheGodMiltoncursedwas,infact,nottheChristianProvidencebutameresymbolforanythinghebelievedtobebadorimmoral.③AdamandEveembodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.

2.贡献/技法：

①Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.②HewrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavealwaysbeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.③Heisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.④Heisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle.（a）.Hisstyleischaracterizedwiththeepicelementsinit.（b）.Healwaysinversethewordorder.（c）.Hiswritingiscircumlocution（累赘的陈述）.（d）.Hisuseofimmenselylongsentencesandtheepanalepsis（语句间隔反复）⑤Hehasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.

四、十八世纪英国文学（思想启蒙时期）

◆AlexanderPope

1.简介：

AlexanderPopewasknownasrepresentativeoftheEnlightenment.HeisoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismintoEngland.Hebelievedinthenecessityofuniversaleducation,especiallythatofsocialmorality,classiccultureandscientificknowledge.Healsoassumedtheroleofchampionoftraditionalcivilization.（为什么说他是启蒙运动的代表）。

代表作：

EssayonCriticism《论批评》（用英雄双韵体作）；TheRapeoftheLock《卷发遇劫记》；TheDunciad《群愚史记》；EssayonMan《人论》（启蒙主义重要的作品）。

2.成就/局限性：

①PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Heusuallywritesintheformofheroiccouplets.②Hisstyleisdirectandcompact.③Hewasathisbestinsatireandepigram.Almostallhisworksaresatires.Heisgoodatsayingbrilliantandtruethingsinasparklingway.Buthelackedthelyricalgift.

◆DanielDefoe（赏析）