英语文体学Chapter 3 Surfacestructure Deviation.docx

英语文体学Chapter 3 Surfacestructure Deviation.docx

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英语文体学Chapter3SurfacestructureDeviation

Chapter3Surface-structureDeviation

    Inthischapter,wewilllookatfourtypesofsurface-structuredeviation.Theseare:

phonologicaldeviation,graphologicaldeviation,syntacticdeviationandlexicaldeviation.

    3.1PhonologicalDeviation

    Featuresatthephonologicallevelfunctionmorebybeingoverregularratherthanbeingdeviant,sincetheybelongtothesurfacestructureoftheEnglishlanguage.However,thefollowingphonologicalirregularitiesstillneedtobenoted.

    3.1.1Omission

    1）Aphesis-theomissionofaninitialpartofaword,e.g.

（1）Thouonwhosestream,'midthesteepsky'scommotion,

    Loosecloudslikeearth'sdecayingleavesareshed,

    （P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind）

    Thecompleteformof'midinthelineis'amid'.

    2）Syncope-theomissionofamedialpartofaword,e.g.

（2）Avoicesothrillingne'erwasheard

    Inspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,

    Breakingthesilenceoftheseas

    AmongthefarthestHebrides.

    （Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper）

    Theoriginalformofne'erinthefirstlineis'never'.

    3）Apocope-theomissionofafinalpartofaword,e.g.

    （3）Tilla'theseasgangdry,mydear,

    Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun

    Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,

    Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.

    （RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose）

    Here,Burnshasuseda'for'all',wi'for'with'ando'for'of'.

    Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.

    3.1.2MispronunciationandSub-standardPronunciation

    Inordertovividlydescribeacharacter,theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub-standardways.Considertheexamplesinthefollowingpassages.

    （4）"Aha!

"saidtheundertaker,glancingoveritwithalivelycountenance,"anorderforacoffin,eh?

"

    "Foracoffinfirst,andaporochialfuneralafterwards."repliedMr.Bumble,fasteningthestrapoftheleathernpocketbook:

which,likehimself,wasverycorpulent.

    "Bayton,"saidtheundertaker,lookingfromthescrapofpapertoMr.Bumble,"Ineverheardthenamebefore."

    Bumbleshookhishead,ashereplied,"Obstinatepeople,Mr.Sowerberry,veryobstinate.Proud,too,I'mafraid,sir."

    "Proud,eh?

"exclaimedMr.Sowerberrywithasneer."Come,that'stoomuch."

    "Oh,it'ssickening,"repliedthebeadle."Antimonial,Mr.Sowerberry!

"

    "Soitis,"acquiescedtheundertaker.

    "Weonlyheardthefamilythenightbeforelast,"saidthebeadle;"andweshouldn'thaveknownanythingaboutthem,then,onlyawomanwholodgesinthesamehousemadeanapplicationtotheporochialcommitteeforthemtosendtheporochialsurgeontoseeawomanaswasverybad.Hehadgoneouttodinner;buthis'prentice（whichisaverycleverlad）sent'emsomemedicineinablacking-bottle,off-hand."

    "Ah,there'spromptness,"saidtheundertaker.

    "Promptness,indeed!

"repliedthebeadle."Butwhat'stheconsequence,what'stheungratefulbehaviouroftheserebels,sir?

Why,thehusbandsendsbackwordthatthemedicinewon'tsuithiswife'scomplaint,andsosheshan'ttakeit-sayssheshan'ttakeit,sir!

Good,strongwholesomemedicine,aswasgivenwithgreatsuccesstotwoIrishlaborersandacoalheaver,onlyaweekbefore-sent'emfornothing,withablackin'-bottlein,andhesendsbackwordthatsheshan'ttakeit,sir!

"

    （Dickens,OliverTwist）

    （5）"MayGodstarveyeyet,"yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.

    "Yes,andyou,"sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen."Youbloodymurtheringthafe!

Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?

Ah,ye-"

    （T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie）

    （6）'Arvemoved,'hesaid,'Darnear.'

    'Andalltheclick?

'Iaskedhim.'AllthenotoriousDockheadboys?

'

    'Notv'click,'saidEd-Ted.'Jusme.'...

    'Andwhy,Ed,'Isaid,'haveyoumoveddarnear?

'

    'CosmeMaas,'hesaid.'She'sbinre-owsed.'

    'SoyoustilllivewithMomma?

'Ienquired.

    'Course,'hesaid.

    'Bigboyslikeyouhasn'tgothisownhidey-hole?

'Iasked.

    'Lissen,'hesaid.'IrespectmyMar.'

    'Cool,man,'Isaid.'Nowtellme.Whataboutthemob,theclick?

Havetheybeenre-owsedaswell?

'

    'Ner,'hesaid.

    'Ner?

What,then?

'

    'Theclick'ssplitup.'

    'Youmean,'Isaid,'thatbunchoftearawayshavethrownyouout?

'

    'Eh-y?

'hecried.

    'Youheard,Ed.You'vebeenexpelledfromtheTedCollege?

'

    'Naher!

Me?

Espelme?

Wot?

Lissen!

Me,Rlefthem,see?

YoufinkI'msof,orsumfink?

'

    （C.Maclnnes,AbsoluteBeginners）

    InDickens'passage,wemaynoticethatMr.Bumble,theparishbeadle,mispronouncedtheword'parochial'/paeret∫il/（meaning:

oforrelatingtoaparish）asporochial/poret∫il/threetimes（lines3,21and22）,andmispronounced'blacking-bottle'/blaekiηbotl/asblackin'-bottle/blaekinbotl/（line34）.Healsoswallowedupcertainsoundsseveraltimes:

'prenticefor'apprentice'（line23）,'emfor'them'（lines23and34）.Wemayalsonoticethathemisusedantimonialfortheword'antinomian'（line15）.WhydoesDickensdescribeMr.Bumbleinsuchaway?

Ifwereadtheotherpartsofthenovel,wewillfindthatalthoughMr.Bumblewasthelowestinrankasaparishofficer,yetheconsideredhimselfimportantandlikedtoputonairsbeforethosewhomheconsideredtobeinferiortohim.Hewashypocritical,mean,andunsympathetic.Hismispronunciations,sub-standardpronunciationsandmisuseofawordinthepassagerightlycapturehispretenceandpompousness.Intryingtoshowhisimportancebyusinglongandtechnicalwordsbeyondhiscommand,heonlyrevealedhisincompetence.

    Bypresentingwhathesaidandhowhesaiditinsteadofbydirectauthorialcomment,Dickenshashighlysucceededinportrayingthecharacter.Itissmallwonderthenthatsomeyearsafterthepublicationofthenovel,bumblebecameanEnglishwordandwasrecordedinthemajorEnglishdictionaries.

    InDreiser'spassage,theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub-standardfashion:

yefor'you',murtheringfor'murdering',divilfor'devil',andthafefor'thief'.Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere,itseems,addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene.Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking-classwoman.

    Inextract（6）,thewriterhasrespelledmanywordstoindicateaLondonCockneyaccent.Toseetheeffectoftheserespellings,readtheversionofthetextinnormalspellingbelow:

    'I'vemoved,'hesaid,'downhere.'

    'Andalltheclique,'Iaskedhim.'AllthenotoriousDock-headboys?

'

    'Nottheclique,'saidEd-Ted.'Justme.'...

    'Andwhy,Ed,'Isaid,'haveyoumoveddownhere?

'

    'BecausemyMahas,'hesaid.'She'sbeenre-housed.'

    'SoyoustilllivewithMomma?

'Ienquired.

    'Course,'hesaid.

    'Bigboyslikeyouhasn'tgothisownlittlehidey-hole?

'Iasked.

    'Listen,'hesaid.'Irespectmyma.'

    'Cool,man,'Isaid.'Now,tellme.Whataboutthemob,theclique?

    Havetheybeenre-housedaswell?

'

    'No,'hesaid.

    'No?

What,then?

'

    'Theclique'ssplitup.'

    'Youmean,'Isaid,'thatbunchoftearawayshavethrownyouout?

'

    'Eh?

'hecried.

    'Youheard,Ed.You'vebeenexpelledfromtheTedCollege?

'

    'No!

Me?

Expelme?

What?

Listen!

Me,Ileftthem,see?

YouthinkI'msoft,orsomething?

'

    Ascanbefelt,theversioninnormalspellinglosesmuchofthevividnessoftheoriginaldialogue.Theroughnessofagangmemberandhislackofeducationportrayedintheoriginaltextaregone.

    3.1.3SpecialPronunciation

    Forconvenienceofrhyming,thepoetmaygivespecialpronunciationtocertainwords,e.g.

    （7）Thetrumpetofaprophecy!

O,Wind,

    Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?

    （P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind）

    Inthispoem,thenounwind/wind/ispronouncedliketheverb'wind'/waind/torhymewithbehind.

    3.1.4ChangeofStress

    Some19th-centurypoetsplacedwordstressesinunusualplaces,e.g.'bal′uster'（Tennyson）.Whydopoetsincorporatesuchchanges?

Isitmerelyforexigenciesofmetre,orbecauseofarchaicaffection,orobediencetosomeobscureprincipleofeuphony?

Leech（1969）admitsthathefindssuchstresschangeshardtodetermine.

3.2GraphologicalDeviation

    Bygraphologyismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.Deviationatthislevelseemstobemuchmoreinteresting,buthasbeensadlyneglectedinliterarydiscussionsinthepast.Graphologicaldeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,indentation,etc.Inthissection,wewillchieflyconsiderdeviationinthefirstthreesub-areas,sincewewillobviouslybeunabletoexamineallofthem.

    3.2.1ShapeofText

    Theshapeofapieceofliterarywork,especiallyapoem,canbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.Toillustratethispoint,letuslookatthepoembelow.

    （8）（R.Draper,TargetPractice）

    Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusasmostunusualbecauseitisnotlikethatofaconventionalpoem.Whenwelookmorecloselyatthewording,andusesomeimagination,wemaybegintospeculateonwhythepoethasdesignedthepoe