英语文体学Chapter 3 Surfacestructure Deviation.docx
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英语文体学Chapter3SurfacestructureDeviation
Chapter3Surface-structureDeviation
Inthischapter,wewilllookatfourtypesofsurface-structuredeviation.Theseare:
phonologicaldeviation,graphologicaldeviation,syntacticdeviationandlexicaldeviation.
3.1PhonologicalDeviation
Featuresatthephonologicallevelfunctionmorebybeingoverregularratherthanbeingdeviant,sincetheybelongtothesurfacestructureoftheEnglishlanguage.However,thefollowingphonologicalirregularitiesstillneedtobenoted.
3.1.1Omission
1)Aphesis-theomissionofaninitialpartofaword,e.g.
(1)Thouonwhosestream,'midthesteepsky'scommotion,
Loosecloudslikeearth'sdecayingleavesareshed,
(P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)
Thecompleteformof'midinthelineis'amid'.
2)Syncope-theomissionofamedialpartofaword,e.g.
(2)Avoicesothrillingne'erwasheard
Inspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,
Breakingthesilenceoftheseas
AmongthefarthestHebrides.
(Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper)
Theoriginalformofne'erinthefirstlineis'never'.
3)Apocope-theomissionofafinalpartofaword,e.g.
(3)Tilla'theseasgangdry,mydear,
Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun
Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,
Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.
(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)
Here,Burnshasuseda'for'all',wi'for'with'ando'for'of'.
Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.
3.1.2MispronunciationandSub-standardPronunciation
Inordertovividlydescribeacharacter,theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub-standardways.Considertheexamplesinthefollowingpassages.
(4)"Aha!
"saidtheundertaker,glancingoveritwithalivelycountenance,"anorderforacoffin,eh?
"
"Foracoffinfirst,andaporochialfuneralafterwards."repliedMr.Bumble,fasteningthestrapoftheleathernpocketbook:
which,likehimself,wasverycorpulent.
"Bayton,"saidtheundertaker,lookingfromthescrapofpapertoMr.Bumble,"Ineverheardthenamebefore."
Bumbleshookhishead,ashereplied,"Obstinatepeople,Mr.Sowerberry,veryobstinate.Proud,too,I'mafraid,sir."
"Proud,eh?
"exclaimedMr.Sowerberrywithasneer."Come,that'stoomuch."
"Oh,it'ssickening,"repliedthebeadle."Antimonial,Mr.Sowerberry!
"
"Soitis,"acquiescedtheundertaker.
"Weonlyheardthefamilythenightbeforelast,"saidthebeadle;"andweshouldn'thaveknownanythingaboutthem,then,onlyawomanwholodgesinthesamehousemadeanapplicationtotheporochialcommitteeforthemtosendtheporochialsurgeontoseeawomanaswasverybad.Hehadgoneouttodinner;buthis'prentice(whichisaverycleverlad)sent'emsomemedicineinablacking-bottle,off-hand."
"Ah,there'spromptness,"saidtheundertaker.
"Promptness,indeed!
"repliedthebeadle."Butwhat'stheconsequence,what'stheungratefulbehaviouroftheserebels,sir?
Why,thehusbandsendsbackwordthatthemedicinewon'tsuithiswife'scomplaint,andsosheshan'ttakeit-sayssheshan'ttakeit,sir!
Good,strongwholesomemedicine,aswasgivenwithgreatsuccesstotwoIrishlaborersandacoalheaver,onlyaweekbefore-sent'emfornothing,withablackin'-bottlein,andhesendsbackwordthatsheshan'ttakeit,sir!
"
(Dickens,OliverTwist)
(5)"MayGodstarveyeyet,"yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.
"Yes,andyou,"sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen."Youbloodymurtheringthafe!
Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?
Ah,ye-"
(T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie)
(6)'Arvemoved,'hesaid,'Darnear.'
'Andalltheclick?
'Iaskedhim.'AllthenotoriousDockheadboys?
'
'Notv'click,'saidEd-Ted.'Jusme.'...
'Andwhy,Ed,'Isaid,'haveyoumoveddarnear?
'
'CosmeMaas,'hesaid.'She'sbinre-owsed.'
'SoyoustilllivewithMomma?
'Ienquired.
'Course,'hesaid.
'Bigboyslikeyouhasn'tgothisownhidey-hole?
'Iasked.
'Lissen,'hesaid.'IrespectmyMar.'
'Cool,man,'Isaid.'Nowtellme.Whataboutthemob,theclick?
Havetheybeenre-owsedaswell?
'
'Ner,'hesaid.
'Ner?
What,then?
'
'Theclick'ssplitup.'
'Youmean,'Isaid,'thatbunchoftearawayshavethrownyouout?
'
'Eh-y?
'hecried.
'Youheard,Ed.You'vebeenexpelledfromtheTedCollege?
'
'Naher!
Me?
Espelme?
Wot?
Lissen!
Me,Rlefthem,see?
YoufinkI'msof,orsumfink?
'
(C.Maclnnes,AbsoluteBeginners)
InDickens'passage,wemaynoticethatMr.Bumble,theparishbeadle,mispronouncedtheword'parochial'/paeret∫il/(meaning:
oforrelatingtoaparish)asporochial/poret∫il/threetimes(lines3,21and22),andmispronounced'blacking-bottle'/blaekiηbotl/asblackin'-bottle/blaekinbotl/(line34).Healsoswallowedupcertainsoundsseveraltimes:
'prenticefor'apprentice'(line23),'emfor'them'(lines23and34).Wemayalsonoticethathemisusedantimonialfortheword'antinomian'(line15).WhydoesDickensdescribeMr.Bumbleinsuchaway?
Ifwereadtheotherpartsofthenovel,wewillfindthatalthoughMr.Bumblewasthelowestinrankasaparishofficer,yetheconsideredhimselfimportantandlikedtoputonairsbeforethosewhomheconsideredtobeinferiortohim.Hewashypocritical,mean,andunsympathetic.Hismispronunciations,sub-standardpronunciationsandmisuseofawordinthepassagerightlycapturehispretenceandpompousness.Intryingtoshowhisimportancebyusinglongandtechnicalwordsbeyondhiscommand,heonlyrevealedhisincompetence.
Bypresentingwhathesaidandhowhesaiditinsteadofbydirectauthorialcomment,Dickenshashighlysucceededinportrayingthecharacter.Itissmallwonderthenthatsomeyearsafterthepublicationofthenovel,bumblebecameanEnglishwordandwasrecordedinthemajorEnglishdictionaries.
InDreiser'spassage,theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub-standardfashion:
yefor'you',murtheringfor'murdering',divilfor'devil',andthafefor'thief'.Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere,itseems,addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene.Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking-classwoman.
Inextract(6),thewriterhasrespelledmanywordstoindicateaLondonCockneyaccent.Toseetheeffectoftheserespellings,readtheversionofthetextinnormalspellingbelow:
'I'vemoved,'hesaid,'downhere.'
'Andalltheclique,'Iaskedhim.'AllthenotoriousDock-headboys?
'
'Nottheclique,'saidEd-Ted.'Justme.'...
'Andwhy,Ed,'Isaid,'haveyoumoveddownhere?
'
'BecausemyMahas,'hesaid.'She'sbeenre-housed.'
'SoyoustilllivewithMomma?
'Ienquired.
'Course,'hesaid.
'Bigboyslikeyouhasn'tgothisownlittlehidey-hole?
'Iasked.
'Listen,'hesaid.'Irespectmyma.'
'Cool,man,'Isaid.'Now,tellme.Whataboutthemob,theclique?
Havetheybeenre-housedaswell?
'
'No,'hesaid.
'No?
What,then?
'
'Theclique'ssplitup.'
'Youmean,'Isaid,'thatbunchoftearawayshavethrownyouout?
'
'Eh?
'hecried.
'Youheard,Ed.You'vebeenexpelledfromtheTedCollege?
'
'No!
Me?
Expelme?
What?
Listen!
Me,Ileftthem,see?
YouthinkI'msoft,orsomething?
'
Ascanbefelt,theversioninnormalspellinglosesmuchofthevividnessoftheoriginaldialogue.Theroughnessofagangmemberandhislackofeducationportrayedintheoriginaltextaregone.
3.1.3SpecialPronunciation
Forconvenienceofrhyming,thepoetmaygivespecialpronunciationtocertainwords,e.g.
(7)Thetrumpetofaprophecy!
O,Wind,
Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?
(P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)
Inthispoem,thenounwind/wind/ispronouncedliketheverb'wind'/waind/torhymewithbehind.
3.1.4ChangeofStress
Some19th-centurypoetsplacedwordstressesinunusualplaces,e.g.'bal′uster'(Tennyson).Whydopoetsincorporatesuchchanges?
Isitmerelyforexigenciesofmetre,orbecauseofarchaicaffection,orobediencetosomeobscureprincipleofeuphony?
Leech(1969)admitsthathefindssuchstresschangeshardtodetermine.
3.2GraphologicalDeviation
Bygraphologyismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.Deviationatthislevelseemstobemuchmoreinteresting,buthasbeensadlyneglectedinliterarydiscussionsinthepast.Graphologicaldeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,indentation,etc.Inthissection,wewillchieflyconsiderdeviationinthefirstthreesub-areas,sincewewillobviouslybeunabletoexamineallofthem.
3.2.1ShapeofText
Theshapeofapieceofliterarywork,especiallyapoem,canbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.Toillustratethispoint,letuslookatthepoembelow.
(8)(R.Draper,TargetPractice)
Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusasmostunusualbecauseitisnotlikethatofaconventionalpoem.Whenwelookmorecloselyatthewording,andusesomeimagination,wemaybegintospeculateonwhythepoethasdesignedthepoe