词的翻译技巧.docx
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词的翻译技巧
一.词义的选择
举例:
I’llseeherhometonight.
Indiaisthehomeofelephants.
He’sathomewiththeclassics.
She’sathomewheresheis.
Muchisproducedhereforhomemarket.
HelooksonLondonashishome.
(一)根据词性确定词义
举例:
light:
Thislightistoopoortoreadby.
Aluminumisalightmetal.
Willyoulightthefireforme?
round:
TheEarthisnotcompletelyround.
Let’sgointothehallandhavealookround.
Theyaredancinginaround.
Heworkedroundtheday.
Theboy’seyesroundedwithexcitement.
(二)根据上下文确定词义
举例:
Thecarwasreallymoving.
Sharepricesmovedaheadtoday.
Thestoryoftheirsufferingsmovedusdeeply.
Workonthenewbuildingismovingquickly.
Thegovernment’sopinionsonthismatterhaven’tmoved.
Unlesstheemployersmovequickly,therewillbestrike.
Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.
(三)根据词的搭配和表达习惯确定词义
举例:
deep:
adeepwell
adeepred
adeepmystery
adeepvoice
adeepthinker
deepinstudy
deepoutrage
work:
Ithinkyoursuggestionwillwork.
Thenewtreatmentworkslikemagic.
Mywatchdoesn’twork.
Theseaworkshigh.
Sheworkedherwaytothefront.
Therootofthepinetreeworkeddownbetweenthestones.
Thenewsuggestionisworkingwell.
Winnersdonotplay“helpless”,nordotheyplaytheblaminggame.(2002)
二.词义的引申
(一)通过抽象化加以引申
举例:
Ihavenoheadformathematics.
Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.(2005)
(二)通过具体化加以引申
举例:
Thecarinfrontofmestopped,andImissedthegreen.
Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.(2005)
Atthesametime,today,theactions,andinaction,ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet,buttheverylifeoftheplanet.(2007)
三.词性转换——转译成动词
举例:
Iadmireyourdecisiontofightforthedifficultiesinpreparingtheexamination.
(一)名词转译成动词
1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词
举例:
Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.
InChina,thereisalotofemphasisonpoliteness.
2.含有动作意味的名词转译成动词
举例:
Acarefulstudyoftheoriginaltextwillgiveyouabettertranslation.
Insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren(ormales)isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.(1999)
CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindedness:
theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.(2003)
3.加后缀-er的名词转译成动词
举例:
Heisagoodsinger.
Thosesmallfactoriesarealsolavishconsumerandwasterofrawmaterials.
(二)形容词转译成动词
与思维和知觉相关的形容词:
aware,conscious,certain,sure,mindful,ignorant,alert等;
与情感相关的形容词:
glad,pleased,cautions,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confident,thankful,grateful,concerned,afraid,doubtful,sorry等;
与欲望相关的形容词:
desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,eager,enthusiastic,zealous等。
举例:
Iamanxiousabouthishealth.
Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.
(三)副词转译成动词
举例:
Sheopenedthewindowtoletfreshairin.
Aftercarefulinvestigationtheyfoundthedesignbehind.
词性转换——转译成名词
(一)由名词派生和转用的动词转译成名词
1.名词派生的动词
举例:
Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.
2.名词转用的动词
举例:
MostU.S.spysatellitesaredesignedtoburnupintheearth’satmosphereaftercompletingtheirmissions.
(二)被动式的动词转译成名词
举例:
Hewastreatedveryshabbilybythepressduringthisperiod.
Iwasencouragedbyourpresident.
(三)形容词转译成名词
举例1:
Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.
Bothcompoundsareacids,theformerisstrongandthelatterisweak.
词性转换——转译成形容词
(一)由形容词派生的名词转译成形容词
举例:
Theissueisofvitalimportance.
词性转换——其他词类转译
(一)形容词与副词的相互转译
1.形容词转译成副词
举例:
Wemustmakefulluseofexitingtechnicalequipment.
Thisissheernonsense.
2.副词转译成形容词
举例:
Thisfilmimpressedhimdeeply.
ThePresidenthadpreparedmeticulouslyforhisjourney.
(二)名词与副词的相互转译
1.名词转译成副词
举例:
Whenhecatchesaglimpseofapotentialantagonist,hisinstinctistowinhimoverwithcharmandhumor.
2.副词转译成名词
举例:
ItisofficiallyannouncedthatChinahassuccessfullylaunchedherfirstmannedspaceship.
Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.
四.词的增加
1.增词使语义完整:
举例1:
Inhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,withhiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.(2003)
举例2:
…thatisgatheringominousanddestructivepotentialevenaswegatherhere.(2009)
2.增词补充原文省略的成分
举例:
Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.(2001)
3.增词以传达语法含义
举例1:
Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.(2003)
五.词的删减
1.结构性减词
举例:
Ifyouhangback,andreserveandcriticiseatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.(2005)
2.修辞性减词
举例:
Therewasnosnow,theleavesweregonefromthetrees,andthegrasswasdead.
Universityapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.
Neitherpartyshallcancelthecontractwithoutsufficientcauseorreason.
Therewasstillthefaiththatordinarymenaregreaterthanthepowersofnatureorthemechanismsofman’shandsandwillmasterthemallintheend.
五:
习语的翻译
Ø直译法
Armedtotheteeth
Packedlikesardines
Sourgrapes
Agentleman’sagreement
TheheelofAchilles
Thecoldwar
Bloodisthickerthanwater
Ø汉语同义习语的套用法
1.双方有完全相同的形象比喻
Topraisetotheskies
Tofishintroubledwaters
Toaddfueltothefire
Tobeonthinice
Wallshaveears
Strikewhiletheironishot
2.双方有大体相同的形象比喻
Adropintheocean
Tolaughoffone’shead
Toshedcrocodiletears
Tobeoutatelbows
Tospreadmoneylikewater
Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.
Ø意译法
1.Theteenagersdon’tinviteBobtotheirpartiesbecauseheisawetblanket.
2.Amongsomanywell-dressedandculturedpeople,thecountrygirlfeltlikeafishoutofwater.
3.Allright,Iblamemyself.Butit’sthelasttime.Wewerecat’s-paws,that’sall.
4.Tobreaktheice,Tedspokeofhisinterestinmountainclimbing,andtheysoonhadaconversationgoing.
5.Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth;shethinksshecandowhatshelikes.