词的翻译技巧.docx

词的翻译技巧.docx

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词的翻译技巧

一.词义的选择

举例：

I’llseeherhometonight.

Indiaisthehomeofelephants.

He’sathomewiththeclassics.

She’sathomewheresheis.

Muchisproducedhereforhomemarket.

HelooksonLondonashishome.

（一）根据词性确定词义

举例：

light:

Thislightistoopoortoreadby.

Aluminumisalightmetal.

Willyoulightthefireforme?

round:

TheEarthisnotcompletelyround.

Let’sgointothehallandhavealookround.

Theyaredancinginaround.

Heworkedroundtheday.

Theboy’seyesroundedwithexcitement.

（二）根据上下文确定词义

举例：

Thecarwasreallymoving.

Sharepricesmovedaheadtoday.

Thestoryoftheirsufferingsmovedusdeeply.

Workonthenewbuildingismovingquickly.

Thegovernment’sopinionsonthismatterhaven’tmoved.

Unlesstheemployersmovequickly,therewillbestrike.

Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.

（三）根据词的搭配和表达习惯确定词义

举例：

deep:

adeepwell

adeepred

adeepmystery

adeepvoice

adeepthinker

deepinstudy

deepoutrage

work:

Ithinkyoursuggestionwillwork.

Thenewtreatmentworkslikemagic.

Mywatchdoesn’twork.

Theseaworkshigh.

Sheworkedherwaytothefront.

Therootofthepinetreeworkeddownbetweenthestones.

Thenewsuggestionisworkingwell.

Winnersdonotplay“helpless”,nordotheyplaytheblaminggame.（2002）

二.词义的引申

（一）通过抽象化加以引申

举例：

Ihavenoheadformathematics.

Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.（2005）

（二）通过具体化加以引申

举例：

Thecarinfrontofmestopped,andImissedthegreen.

Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.（2005）

Atthesametime,today,theactions,andinaction,ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet,buttheverylifeoftheplanet.（2007）

三.词性转换——转译成动词

举例：

Iadmireyourdecisiontofightforthedifficultiesinpreparingtheexamination.

（一）名词转译成动词

1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词

举例：

Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.

InChina,thereisalotofemphasisonpoliteness.

2.含有动作意味的名词转译成动词

举例：

Acarefulstudyoftheoriginaltextwillgiveyouabettertranslation.

Insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren（ormales）isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.（1999）

CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindedness:

theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.（2003）

3.加后缀-er的名词转译成动词

举例：

Heisagoodsinger.

Thosesmallfactoriesarealsolavishconsumerandwasterofrawmaterials.

（二）形容词转译成动词

与思维和知觉相关的形容词：

aware,conscious,certain,sure,mindful,ignorant,alert等；

与情感相关的形容词：

glad,pleased,cautions,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confident,thankful,grateful,concerned,afraid,doubtful,sorry等；

与欲望相关的形容词：

desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,eager,enthusiastic,zealous等。

举例：

Iamanxiousabouthishealth.

Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.

（三）副词转译成动词

举例：

Sheopenedthewindowtoletfreshairin.

Aftercarefulinvestigationtheyfoundthedesignbehind.

词性转换——转译成名词

（一）由名词派生和转用的动词转译成名词

1.名词派生的动词

举例：

Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.

2.名词转用的动词

举例：

MostU.S.spysatellitesaredesignedtoburnupintheearth’satmosphereaftercompletingtheirmissions.

（二）被动式的动词转译成名词

举例：

Hewastreatedveryshabbilybythepressduringthisperiod.

Iwasencouragedbyourpresident.

（三）形容词转译成名词

举例1：

Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.

Bothcompoundsareacids,theformerisstrongandthelatterisweak.

词性转换——转译成形容词

（一）由形容词派生的名词转译成形容词

举例：

Theissueisofvitalimportance.

词性转换——其他词类转译

（一）形容词与副词的相互转译

1.形容词转译成副词

举例：

Wemustmakefulluseofexitingtechnicalequipment.

Thisissheernonsense.

2.副词转译成形容词

举例：

Thisfilmimpressedhimdeeply.

ThePresidenthadpreparedmeticulouslyforhisjourney.

（二）名词与副词的相互转译

1.名词转译成副词

举例：

Whenhecatchesaglimpseofapotentialantagonist,hisinstinctistowinhimoverwithcharmandhumor.

2.副词转译成名词

举例：

ItisofficiallyannouncedthatChinahassuccessfullylaunchedherfirstmannedspaceship.

Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.

四.词的增加

1.增词使语义完整:

举例1：

Inhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,withhiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.（2003）

举例2：

…thatisgatheringominousanddestructivepotentialevenaswegatherhere.（2009）

2.增词补充原文省略的成分

举例：

Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.（2001）

3.增词以传达语法含义

举例1：

Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.（2003）

五．词的删减

1.结构性减词

举例：

Ifyouhangback,andreserveandcriticiseatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.（2005）

2.修辞性减词

举例：

Therewasnosnow,theleavesweregonefromthetrees,andthegrasswasdead.

Universityapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.

Neitherpartyshallcancelthecontractwithoutsufficientcauseorreason.

Therewasstillthefaiththatordinarymenaregreaterthanthepowersofnatureorthemechanismsofman’shandsandwillmasterthemallintheend.

五：

习语的翻译

Ø直译法

Armedtotheteeth

Packedlikesardines

Sourgrapes

Agentleman’sagreement

TheheelofAchilles

Thecoldwar

Bloodisthickerthanwater

Ø汉语同义习语的套用法

1.双方有完全相同的形象比喻

Topraisetotheskies

Tofishintroubledwaters

Toaddfueltothefire

Tobeonthinice

Wallshaveears

Strikewhiletheironishot

2.双方有大体相同的形象比喻

Adropintheocean

Tolaughoffone’shead

Toshedcrocodiletears

Tobeoutatelbows

Tospreadmoneylikewater

Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.

Ø意译法

1.Theteenagersdon’tinviteBobtotheirpartiesbecauseheisawetblanket.

2.Amongsomanywell-dressedandculturedpeople,thecountrygirlfeltlikeafishoutofwater.

3.Allright,Iblamemyself.Butit’sthelasttime.Wewerecat’s-paws,that’sall.

4.Tobreaktheice,Tedspokeofhisinterestinmountainclimbing,andtheysoonhadaconversationgoing.

5.Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth;shethinksshecandowhatshelikes.