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论文

本科生毕业设计（论文）

题目从中文汉字和谚语角度透视女性地位

Acknowledgments

Iwanttoexpressmyappreciationtomanywhosupportedmyeffortsinwritingthispaperduringthepastfewmonths.

Firstofall,I’meagertoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomydedicatedsupervisor,ProfessorXia,withouthercontinuousencouragementandguidance,Icouldnothavefinishedthispaper.What'smore,sheofferedmevaluableideas,suggestionsandviewpoints.Herrigorousandresponsibleattitudessetagoodexampleformeandbenefitmealot.

HeartythanksshouldbegiventomyroommatesfortheirsuggestionsonhowtodraftthepaperandwhatkindofmaterialshouldIcollect.

Specialthanksshouldbeextendedtomyparentsfortheirunconditionalsupportallthewayfromtheverybeginning.

Abstract

Sinceancienttimes,Chinesewomenisthesociallyvulnerablegroupwhichhasalowersocialstatusthanmen.Wecanseefromthehistory,withtheancientmatriarchalsocietydisintegrated,female'sstatusbegantosufferadisastrousdecline.Sincetheformationofpatriarchy,womenhavebeenoppressedanddiscriminatedallthetime.TraditionalChinesesocietyhasbeenmale-centered.Sonswerepreferredtodaughters,andwomenwereexpectedtobesubordinatetofathers,husbands,andsons.

Theideaofmenaresuperiortowomenhasadirectimpactonthecreationofcharactersandtheformationoftheproverbs.Proverbs,asanessentialpartofthelanguage,comefromreallife,whichcanmoreorlessreflectpeople’sviewsandbehaviorsorthesystemofthesociety.Thussexisminlanguageaswellascultureisalsoshowninproverbs.SotheChinesecharacters,proverbsandChinafemale'sstatushasacloserelationship.

Thisarticlemainlyfocusonthereflectionoffemale’sstatusinChinesecharactersandproverbs,thereasonsofthisphenomenonforexampletheideologicalconcept,economicalstructureandcultureinfluences.IntermsofanalysisoffemalestatusinChineseproverbs,thearticlefocusesuponthereflectionofwomen’svalues,women’spositioninfamilies,women’swisdomandsocialrules.

Keywords:

femalestatus;characters;proverbs

摘要

女人自古以来就是社会的弱势群体，一直处于被压迫、被歧视的边缘。

从历史上我们可以看到，远古母系社会解体，进入了父系氏族社会后，妇女的地位就开始一落千丈。

父权制形成之后，妇女就一直被压迫、被歧视。

中国传统社会一直都是男性占主导地位，重男轻女，女人在家从父，出嫁从夫，老来从子。

由此形成的男尊女卑的观念直接影响着汉字的创造和谚语的形成。

造字者也自然的把这些观念融入字义中。

语言是社会现实的一种反映，必然会反映出人类社会各种社会观念。

来源于生活的谚语是语言的重要组成部分，可以反映人们在社会中的观念和行为。

所以研究中文汉字、谚语和中国女性地位之间有密切的关系。

本文主要从在汉字和谚语中妇女地位的透析，形成这种现象的原因，包括思想意识，经济结构和文化影响等方面，探讨中国女性的地位。

在讨论谚语和中国女性地位方面，主要讨论了女性的价值，女性在家庭中的地位，女性的智慧和女性的社会地位。

关键词：

妇女地位；汉字；谚语

TableofContents

1Introduction1

2LiteratureReview1

3AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseLanguage2

3.1AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseCharacters2

3.2AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbs3

3.2.1ReflectionofWomen’sValues3

3.2.2ReflectionofWomen’sPositioninFamilies4

3.2.3ReflectionofWomen’sWisdom5

3.2.4ReflectionofWomen’sSocialRoles6

3.3TheCausesofthePhenomenon7

3.3.1IdeologicalConcept8

3.3.2EconomicalStructure8

3.3.3CultureInfluences9

4Conclusion10

References12

ABriefAnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbsandcharacters

Introduction

Language,anindispensablepartofculture,reflectsthecustoms,attitudes,valuesandbeliefsofacertaintime.Whilecharactersandproverbsareessentialpartoflanguage,wecanstudythemtounderstandthehistoryofasociety.Sincethedisintegrationofmatriarchalsociety,thefemalehasbeenoppressedandprejudicedwhichwasreflectedintheformationofChinesecharactersandproverbs.ExamininggenerallyChinesecharactersandproverbs,wecouldfindthatChinesewomeninlowsocialstatus.Theyhadnofreedominpersonalandsocialaffairsandwerealwaysdiscriminatedbythemale.AlthoughChinesewomen’ssocialstatushasgottenthroughhistoricalchanges,womenstillarefacedwithalotofdiscrimination.（Lakoff,R,1975）

SincethereisacloserelationshipbetweenthehistoryofthesocietyandtheformationofChinesecharactersandproverbs,itwillbehelpfultoexaminethemeaningandconnotationsofChinesecharactersandproverbsinordertobetterunderstandhowthehistoricalbackgroundinfluencesthelanguageandalsoclearlyseehowthelanguagereflectssocialphenomenon.ThispapermainlyfocusesonanalyzingtheChinesecharactersthatcontainfemaleradicalandChineseproverbsthatdescribefemaleimageandcharacteristics.ThepurposeofthethesisistoexaminehowChinesecharactersandproverbsreflectfemalestatusinfeudalChinesesociety.Theanalysiswillbegivenfromfourperspectives:

①women’svalues②women’spositioninfamily③women’swisdom;and④women’ssocialrules.Followingtheanalysisisabriefdiscussiononthecausesoffemalestatusreflectedinthelanguage.Throughlookingcloselyatthelanguageanditsconnotationoffemalestatus,readerscanachieveabetterunderstandingoftheconnotationbetweenlanguageanditssocialbackground.

LiteratureReview

Overthepastdecades,agreatnumberofresearcheshavebeenconductedtoexaminetherelationshipbetweenthelanguageandgenderstatus.Forexample,Inthebooktitled”thestudyofgenderlanguage”,YangChunpointsoutthat“女”istakenasanideographiccharacterforgranted.IninscriptionsonbonesortortoiseshellsoftheShangDynasty,“女”lookslikeawoman'sarmstiedtoherknees.Besides,manywordsaremadeupby“女”,whichcarriesnegativemeanings.Atypicalexamplewouldbe“奸”.Itisapictographiccharacterthatcarriesthemeaningofevilormisconduct.Fromthetwopartsoftheirrespectivemeaningwecanseethatitmeansthingsdonebywomenareevilorcunning.（Yang,2010,P.126）

AnotherscholarWangLieqin,hasdonesomeresearchonthetopicoflanguageandgender.Inthebooktitled“ResearchontheStatusandDevelopmentofLanguageandGender”,Wangpointsoutthattherearemanycausesoflinguisticsexismandgenderdifferences.Oneofthemostimportantreasonsistheeconomicreason.Linguisticsexismisrootedinwomen’slong-termloweconomicstatusandsubmissivenesstomen.Besides,Wangdeclaresthatbecauseofthedifferenceinphysicalbuild-up,femalehaveafeelingofdependenceonmaleandinferioritytomalesincemenarestrongerandmorepowerfulinphysicalconstitution.Consequentlymenaremoresuitableforpossessionofpowerandauthority.（Wang,2003,P.50）

“Aproverb,inChinese,Englishorotherlanguage,isacommonsayingwithwordsofadvanceorwarning.Inordertobecomepopularandmemorable,ithasnotonlytobesuccinct,butalsoimplywisdom.Proverbs,astheDutchsay,arethedaughtersofexperience.Theyareexpressionsofsignificantthoughtsandarethecrystallizationsofuniversaltruths.Proverbsarealsowidelyusedbypeopletoprovidethesaucetorelishthemeatofordinaryspeech.Theybecomeanintegralpartofalanguageandliterature.”Proverbsareaproductofsociety,theyareanimportantpartofculture,andcomefromreallife.Theyhaveageneralizedandrelativelyfixedimageofapersonorpersonsbelongingtoaparticulargroup.Thoseoldproverbsreflectedthefemale’spositioninsociety.（Wang,2008,P.3）

ReflectionofFemaleStatusinChineseLanguage

Itisclearlyseenthatmanyresearchershaspaidgreatattentiontotherelationshipbetweengenderandlanguage.ThefollowingsectionwillfocusonfemalegenderanditssocialstatusintheChineselanguagesincefemaleradical“女”ismorefrequentlyusedinChinesecharacters.

AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseCharacter

Thereare174characterswithradical“女”inNewChineseDictionary（1991）.Inaccordancewiththeirfunctionsandconnotations,theycanbeclassifiedinfollowingsixcategoriesofthecharacterswithradical“女”

Property

Quantity

Examples

Neutral,asaddressesandsurnames

74

奶，嬬，姥，婆，媳,姆，妾

Neutral,thefunctionoffemales

4

妊，娠，娩

Neutral，therelationshipbetweenmalesandfemales

12

婚，娶，嫁，媒，姘

Negative

28

奸，婪，嫉，妒，妖，

Positive

49

娇，好，娟，娜，婕，

Others

7

姓，如，娑，委

Fromthetableabove,wecanseethatamongthesecharacters,28negativewordsareusedtoindicatehuman’sweakness.Forexample,“妄”meansuselessandimpractical;“嫉妒”isusedasanegativeadjective,whichmeans“tobejealous”;“婪”isoftenusedwith“贪”,whichmeans“towantmorethanenough”;“妖”representsahumanfigurethatoftendoesevilthingsinChinesefairytales.Wecanfindthatindecentmannersareoriginatedfromthefemaleandonlylimitedtothefemale.The49positivewordsareusedtodescribewomen’sbeautybuttheyareusedtocatertomales.Forexample,“妖”usedtoreferto“beautiful,cleverandcharming”women,butChinesepeopletendtothinkdesirebeautywilldamagethebody,sothecharmingwomanwasviewedasacurse.Besides,”妆”meansmakeupinEnglish,“theblindman’swifeneedsnopainting”meanswomen’sbeautyareallformen.Othersformsareusedtoshowthegestationandthelowstatusofwomen.Forexample,”好”meansawomanhasaboyisgood.Infeudalsociety,amotheralwaysbecomeshonorablebecauseofherson’shighposition.（Miller,C.&Swift,K,1991）

AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbs

ReflectionofWomen’sValues

InancientChina,womencouldnottakepartinnationalaffairs,suchasinpolitics,inbusinessandinotherfieldsbecausewomen,especiallythosebeautifulones,wereregardedasthesourceofdisasters.Peoplewereinclinedtobelievethatitwaswomenthatledtomisfortuneofmenoreventhewholenation.TherearealargenumberofChineseproverbscontainingfemalecharacters,whichareassociatedwithderogativeandnegativemeanings.Forexample,

①Virtuousisthewomanwithouttalent（女子无才便是德）

②Thehousegoesmadwhenwomengad（女人爱闲荡，一家纷乱乱）

③Smoke,rainandaverycrustwifemakeamanwearyofhouse