考博阅读理解.docx

考博阅读理解.docx

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考博阅读理解

Text1

Themostnoticeabletrendamongtoday'smediacompaniesisverticalintegration（垂直统一管理）,anattempt（尝试）tocontrolseveralrelatedaspects（方面）ofthemediabusinessatonce,eachparthelpingtheother.Besidespublishingmagazinesandbooks,TimeWarner,forexample,ownsHomeBoxOffice（HBO）,Warnermoviestudios（摄影棚）,variouscableTVsystemsthroughouttheUSA,andCNNaswell.TheJapanesecompanyMatsushitaOwnsMCA.RecordsandUniversalStudiosandmanufacturesbroadcastproductionequipment.

Todescribethefinancialstatus（财务状态）oftoday’smediaisalsototalkaboutacquisitions（获得）.Themediaarebuyingandsellingeachotherinunprecedented（空前的）numbersandformingmediagroupstopositionthemselvesinthemarketplacetomaintainandincreasetheirprofits（利润）.In1986,thefirsttimeabroadcastnetworkhadbeensold,twonetworksweresoldthatyear—ABCandNBC.

Mediaacquisitionshaveskyrocketed（猛增）since1980fortworeasons.Thefirstisthatmostbigcorporationstodayarepubliclytradedcompanies,whichmeansthattheirstockistradedononeofthenation’sstockexchanges（股票交易）.Thismakesacquisitionsrelativelyeasy.

Amediacompanythatwantstobuyapubliclyownedcompanycanbuythatcompany'sstockwhenthestockbecomesavailable（有用的）.TheopenavailabilitiesofstockinthesecompaniesmeansthatanybodywithenoughmoneycaninvestintheAmericanmediaIndustries,whichisexactlyhowRupertMurdochjoinedthemediabusiness.

Thesecondreasonfortheincreaseinmediaalliances（联合）isthatbeginningin1980,theFederalCommunicationsCommission（FCC）graduallyderegulated（解除管制）thebroadcastmedia.Before1980,forexample,theFCCallowedonecompanytoownonlyfiveTVstations,fiveAMradiostations,andfiveFMradiostations;companiesalsowererequiredtoholdontoastationforthreeyearsbeforethestationcouldbesold.Thepost-1980FCCeliminatedthethree-yearruleandraisedthenumberofbroadcastholdingsallowedforoneowner.Thistrend（倾向；趋势）ofmediaacquisitionsiscontinuingthroughoutthe1990s,aschangingtechnologyexpandsthemarketformediaproducts.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthemedia?

A.Theyusedtosellandbuyeachotheringreatnumbers.

B.Theyaretradingeachotheringreaternumberstoday.

C.Theyusedtobecontrolledbytwonetworks—ABCandNBC.

D.Theyhavestoppedthetrendofacquisitionsinthe1990s.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesacquisitionseasier?

A.Thechangingtechnologyemployedbythemedia.

B.Themedia'sincreasingprofitsinthemarketplace.

C.TheevertougherregulationsoftheFCConthemediasince1980.

D.Theavailabilitiesofthemedia'sstocksonstockexchanges.

3.WhatistheFCC’snewpolicyregardingmediaalliances?

B.Itdoesn'tallowcompaniestoselltheirstockspublicly

C.Itpermitsonecompanytoownmoremediabusinessesatthesametime.

D.Ithaseliminatedallpost1980companies.

4.Theissueofmediaownershipisimportantbecause____.

A.itaffectstheamountofmoneythestockholderswillmake

B.itdecideswhetherwecanhavedifferentaspectsofthemedia

C.itconcernsthechannelsthroughwhichtoexpressopinions

D.itmeansthatmoreandmorepeoplewillholdontoonlyafewstations.

Text2

Severalanalogieshavebeenusedtoexplainhumanmemory,theconstructusedtoaccountforthewayexperiencesatonepointintimeinfluencebehavioratalaterpointintime.Plato（425-348BC）,forexample,suggestedmemorywasanalogoustotheimpressionofmessagesonwaxwritingtablets.ForPlato,writingonthetabletrepresentedlearningsomethingnew,thetabletitselfwasthememorystore,andreadingthetabletslaterwasanalogoustotryingtorecallthestoredinformation.Likethewritingonawaxsurface,withthepassingoftime,memoriesbecamelessclear.Unfortunately,Plato’sanalogymissesanimportantcharacteristicofmemory,namelythatitisselective.Bywayofcontrast,onealwayshasaccesstotheinformationonthetablet,unlessallorpartofitisdestroyed.

Anotheranalogyisofmemoryandahologram.Ahologramisadevicewhichstoresathreedimensionalrecordofasceneusingphotographywithalaserlight.Evenifpartoftheholographicplateismissing,itispossibletoreconstructtheimagewiththepartsoftheplatethatremain.Experiencesorknowledgecanalsoberecalledusingincompletememories.Otheranalogiesinvolveartificialmethodsofstoringinformation,too.Thecomparisonofthemindtoacomputerisattractivebecauseitemphasizestheabilityofhumanmemorytorecallinformationquickly,butthesameobjectionsstatedabovewithregardtoPlato’shypothesisapplyhere.

Gregg（1975）hascomparedmemorytothefunctioningofataperecorder.Thelatterrecordssoundwaves,codedasmagneticpatternsontape,andstorethemovertime.Theinformationrecordedcanbedecoded,withoutdestroyingthetape,forlateruse.Greggpointsout,however,

thattheanalogyistoosimple.Humanmemoryisfarmoresophisticatedthantheworkingsofataperecorder.Itdoesnotsimplyrecordpassingeventspassively,forinstance;unlikethemachine,itisdynamic,capableofselectingwhichinformationitwillstore,andofarrangingthestoragesysteminmorethanjustasimplelinearfashion.

Blakemore（1977）hasnotedthatthediscoveryofDNA,themoleculethatcarriesgeneticinformation,hasprovidedscientistswithanothersourceofanalogytodescribememory.Thisanalogyproposesthateachexperienceresultsinthesynthesisofspecificchemicalmoleculesinthebrainandtheformationofnewmolecules.Thesesynthesizedmoleculesrepresentmemories.Thisdescriptionofmemorywouldprovideboththephysicalsubstrata（thesynthesizedmolecule）andthenatureofthecode（thespecificshapeofthemolecule）.

Howeverattractiveagivenanalogymayappear,itisimportanttorecognizethelimitedfunctionofanalogiesinscienceingeneral.Asusedinscience,theyaregenerallysubstitutesforunderstanding,modelsthatguideresearch,notgenuineexplanationsofphenomena.Theyareusefuliftheyprovokeinvestigationsdesignedtoestablishdifferencesbetweenthethingscompared,dangerousiftheypromotecomplacentacceptanceasthesame,twothingswhicharereallydifferent.

11.Onedefinitionofhumanmemorygivenbytheauthoristhat______________.

A.experiencesmayinfluencebehavioratonetimebutnotatother

B.experiencesaccountforlaterbehavior

C.mentalconstructmayaccountforthewayexperiencesinfluencelaterbehavior

D.memoryisconstructedinthewaythataccountsforexperiences

12.ThehologramanalogyisbetterthanPlato’ssince_________________.

A.itisathreedimensionalrecord

B.itusesthemoderntechnologyofphotography

C.itincludestheknowncapacityofmemoryforrecoveringmissinginformation

D.ithasalargecapacityofstoringinformationthanPlato’swaxwritingtablets

13.Theauthorthinkstheanalogywithacomputeris___________________.

A.animprovementforthewaxtabletandhologramexamples

B.asobjectionableasPlato’s,thoughattractive

C.inappropriate,ifappliedtoPlato’shypothesis

D.anexactillustrationofthecharacteristicsofhumanmemory

14.Onelimitationofthetaperecorderanalogyisthat________________.

A.themachineisonlycapableofstoringinformationlinearly

B.memoriesaretoonumerabletoberecorded

C.themachineisonlygoodforrecordingsoundsbutnotforrecordinggraphs

D.thetape-recorderrecordspassingeventsonlybutthebrainpredictsthefutureaswell

15.Theauthorseesanalogiesas___________________-.

A.theendproductofscientificresearch

B.substitutesforinvestigationandunderstanding

C.inspirationsguidingfurtherresearchintounknownareas

D.modelsprovokinginvestigationintodifferencesbetweenthecomparedthings

Text3

“Museum”isaslipperyword.Itfirstmeant（inGreek）anythingconsecratedtotheMuses:

ahill,ashrine,agarden,afestivalorevenatextbook.BothPlatosAcademyandAristotlesLyceumhadamouseion,amusesshrine.AlthoughtheGreeksalreadycollecteddetachedworksofart,manytemples—notablythatofHeraatOlympia（beforewhichtheOlympicflameisstilllit）—hadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhichwereworksofartbywell?

knownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculpturesintheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.

TheRomansalsocollectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtemples,aswellasmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplunderedsculpturesandpaintings（mostlyGreek）forexhibition.Meanwhile,theGreekwordhadslippedintoLatinbytransliteration（thoughnottosignifypicturegalleries,whichwerecalledpinacothecae）andmuseumstillmoreorlessmeant“Muses-shrine”.

Theinspirationalcollectionsofpreciousandsemi-preciousobjectswerekeptinlargerchurchesandmonasteries—whichfocusedonthegold-enshrined,bejewelledrelicsofsaintsandmartyrs.Princes,andlatermerchants,hadsimilarcollections,whichbecamethedepositsofnaturalcuriosities:

largelumpsofamberorcoral,irregularpearls,unicornhorns,ostricheggs,fossilbonesandsoon.Theyalsoincludedcoinsandgems—oftenantiqueengravedones—aswellas,increasingly,paintingsandsculptures.Astheymultipliedandexpanded,tosupplementthem,theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined.

Atthesametime,visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthechurches,palacesandcastles;theywerenot“collected”either,but“site-specific”,andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothofthefabricofthebuildingsandofthewayoflifewhichwentoninsidethem—andmostofthebuildingswerepublicones.However,duringtherevivalofantiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmen