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正文格式外院
OnRealisminDavidCopperfield
Author:
ZhuYujiao
Tutor:
TanYanping
(CollegeofEducation,HunanAgriculturalUniversity,Changsha410128)
Abstract:
CharlesDickenswasashiningstarinthenineteenthcenturyinBritishliterature,whosenovel,DavidCopperfield,wasoneofthemostimportantworksofauthor.Thisnovel,whichisanautobiographyandisofstrongsenseofrealism,isatypicalrepresentativeofhisrealisticworks.ThispapertakesCharlesDickensandthenovelasfundamental,andtriestocomparesimilaritiesbetweenthenovelandrealitytoreflectitsrealism.
Keywords:
CharlesDickens;DavidCopperfield;Realism
《大卫·科波菲尔》的现实主义色彩
作者:
朱玉姣
指导老师:
谭燕萍
(湖南农业大学教育学院,长沙410128)
摘要:
查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国文坛中一颗璀璨的明星。
小说《大卫·科波菲尔》是他最重要的作品之一。
该小说是一部自传体小说,具有强烈的现实主义色彩,是作者现实主义作品的典型代表。
本文以查尔斯·狄更斯和小说为本,试图比较小说和现实之间的相似之处,从而体现其现实主义色彩。
关键词:
查尔斯·狄更斯;大卫·科波菲尔;现实主义
Introduction
CharlesDickens(1818-1870),whosenovelsdeeplyreflecttherealityofEnglishsocietyinthenineteenthcentury,isoneofthemostoutstandingrealisticwritersinEngland.Amonghisnumerousnovels,DavidCopperfieldistheeighthnovelofCharlesDickensandiscalled“themostbelovedchildinhisheart”.Itisanautobiographicalnovelandalsoisatypicalrepresentativeofrealisticnovels.Thisnoveltellsastoryaboutthelifeofanorphan,DavidCopperfield,fromhischildhoodtohisadulthood.CharlesDickenswrotethisnovelinfirstperson,andthrewhiswonexperiencesintoit.ThispaperwillgiveanintroductiontorealismfirstandthenpresentacomprehensiveunderstandingofCharlesDickenssuchashislife,majorworksandartisticfeaturesofhisnovels.Afterthat,therewillbeastatementaboutDavidCopperfield.Nextsectionisthecomparisonsbetweensocialbackgrounds,CharlesDickensandDavidCopperfield,andothertypicalcharactersformthisnovelandreality.Thispaperaimstoreflectitsrealismthroughthesecomparisonssothatembodiesitsliteraturevalue.
1Realism
Realismisaliterarytermwhichisdefinedas“thefaithfulrepresentationofreality”,focusingondepictingpeople’severydaylife,especiallylifeofthemiddleandlowerclass.Itiswidelyusedinmanyliteraryworks.Herewewilldiscussitsdefinition,generationandbasiccharacteristics.
1.1Definition
Realismisakindofliteraturecreationskillwhichfocusesonsocialreality.“Asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstthe‘lieof’romanticismandsentimentalism.”[1]Itadvocatesobjectiveanddispassionateobservationofrealisticsociety.Realismattemptstodescribelifeaccuratelyanddelicatelywithoutidealismorromanticsubjectivityaccordingtheoriginallifeandtoreproducetypicalcharactersintypicalenvironments.
1.2Generationofrealism
RealismistheproductoftheestablishmentanddevelopmentofcapitalistsysteminWesternEurope.Innineteenthcentury,thevictoryofbourgeoisieinEuropecausedthehistorictransitionofsocialsystemfromfeudalismtocapitalism.Suchparticulareconomicandpoliticalsituationhasagreatimpactonliteratureandbecomedecisivefactoroftheformationanddevelopmentofrealism.
Afterpeoplefreedthemselvesfromfeudalshackles,theywerekeentocreatematerialwealth.Theylosetheirspiritualfreedom,psychologicalfreedom,andpersonalityinfrontofmaterialwealth.Theoppressionandexploitationbecomemoreandmoreobvious.Therelationshipbetweenhumanbecameworse.Allsortsofdefectsofcapitalistsystemexposedatthattime.Thusrealismemerged,whichuncoveredthedarknessofprevailingsocietythroughthetruthfulanddetaileddescriptionofsocialrealityandpromotedsocialimprovement.
Atthattime,newachievementsofnaturalsciencebroadenedpeople’shorizontoagreatextentandencouragedpeopletolookfortheoriginsandsolutionsofsocialproblemsinanewpointofview.Manywritersattemptedtoresearchthesocietyasscientiststhroughnuancedobservation,analysisandinference.Thoseallstrengthenedobjectiveandrealisticelementsinrealism.
1.3Basiccharacteristicsofrealism
Asabasicliteraturecreationskill,realismhasthefollowingbasiccharacteristics:
Firstofall,realismisofauthenticitywhichreproducessocialrealityobjectivelyandreally.Worksofrealismoriginatefromlife,soithasrealandvividdetailsdescription.Theydigouttheessentialfactorshiddenbehindthephenomenonandinternalrelationshipoffiguresandthings.Theyreflectsociallifethroughhistoricalandspecificpicturesoflife.Theseworksareinfectiousbecauseofitsrealisticandconcreteimage.Therefore,readingtheseworksisanimmersiveexperienceforreaders.
Secondly,realismisofstrongexposureandcriticism.Innineteenthcentury,peoplearesuffocatedwiththegrimrealityofcapitalistsociety.Worksofrealismuncoverthecorruptsystemandegocentricsocialethos.Theydisplayconflictsbetweenpeopleandsocietyandrevealthealienationofhumannatureatthattime.Thoseworkscriticizetheunreasonablesocialsystemandexpressthedissatisfactionwiththestateofsocietythroughlateralandobjectiveexposureoftheessenceofsocialproblems.
Thirdly,typificationisthecoreofrealism.Thatmeansthattheremustbesomerepresentativefiguresoreventsinthoseworks.“Realismfocusesoncreatingtypicalcharactersintypicalenvironmentsaccordingtotheconnectionsbetweenpeopleandsocialenvironment.”[2]Lifeisfullofcomplexityanddiversification.Torecordthereallifeisnothingbutaskillofphotographer.Realismrequeststhewriterstoobserveandanalyzethesocietycarefullyandselectmeaningfulcharactersandeventsfromcolorfullifeandthentocreatetypicalcharactersandenvironmentsthroughpersonalizedandgeneralizedembellishment.Thuswecangetasightofsocialrealitythroughdetails.
Last,thereishumanitarianismthoughtinrealism.Itadvocatesthateveryoneisanindependententity.Inworksofrealism,theyspreadtheideathatindividualrightoffreedomandequalityshouldberespectedandthatpersonalvalueanddignityshouldbeadmitted.
2CharlesDickens
CharlesDickensisoneofthemostoutstandingrealisticnovelistsinEngland,whosenovelsfocusonthedescriptionofthesocietyhewasin.Hewascalled“theflagofthetimes”byEngels.InCharlesDickens’stransientlife,heleftusthirteenandahalfnovels,morethantwentynovellas,hundredsofshortstoriesandsoon.
2.1LifeofCharlesDickens
CharlesDickens,whowasbornin1812inPortsmouth,wasthesecondofeightchildrenofhisfamily.HisfamilymovedtoNorfolkStreetsoonafterhisbirth.Whenhewasfiveyearsold,hisfamilymovedtoChathamandtoCamdentownattheageoften.Whenhewasquiteyoung,hehadastrongthirstforknowledgeandhealwayssneaksintothelofttoreadnovelssuchasRobinsonCrusoeandDonQuixoteatthattimehisfamilyfinancialsituationisquitewell,sohewassenttoaprivateschool.
However,hisfather,JohnDickens,whowasaclerkinNavyPayOffice,wasboozy,hospitableandspendthrift.“Hedidnotknowhowtotakecareofhisfinancialsituationandalwaysranintopecuniarytroubles.”[3]Theycouldnotmaketheirendsmeet.Asaresult,theirfinancialsituationbecameworseandhisfatherwasthrownintoprisonforinabilitytopayingoffdebts.SincethenhisfamilymovedtoMarshalseaprison,andhewasforcedtoleaveschooltoworkinashoe-blackingfactorywhenhewastwelveyearsold.Intheshoe-blackingfactory,whichisadampanddirtybasementandisfullofrats,hehadtoworkformorethantenhoursaday.Theworkisheavyandmonotonousandthereisonlysixshillingsaweek.Hesufferedfromhunger,beating,humiliationandotherinhumanetreatments.
InApril1824,JohnDickensinheritedafortuneofCharlesDickens’sgrandmotherandpaidoffthedebtswiththehelpofhisbrothers.HewasfreefromtheprisonandCharlesDickenswasfreefromtheshoe-blackingfactory.Attheendof1825,CharlesDickenswassentbacktoschool,theWillingtonHouseAcadamy,whichwasnotconsideredtobeagoodschoolforitsdesultoryteaching,poordiscipline,sadisticheadmasterandterribleatmosphere.In1827,hisschoollifeisover.Hesteppedintothesocietywhenhewasfifteen.Atfirst,heworkedinalawfirm,andtheninanewspaperoffice.Whenhewastwenty,hebecameajournalist.Asajournalist,heinterviewedthepolicydebateintheHouseofCommons,whichmadehimawareoftheshortcomingsoftheparliamentarypolitics.Sincethen,hebegantowrite.CharlesDickensmadeanameforhimselfwiththeserialpublicationofThePickwickPapersin1836.Laterafterthisyear,hegotmarriedwithCatherineThomsonHogarth,thedaughterofthenewspaperpublisher.In1842,CharlesDickensvisitedAmericanandwroteAmericanNotes.In1858,hedivorcedwithCatherine.Duringhislife,heconcentratedonwriting.Heissohard-workingthathisbodyhadbeentoomuchtoendureandhediedin1870atlast,leavingnumerousworksforpeople.HebecomesoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishliterature.
2.2Majorworks
Allhislife,CharlesDickenswrotethirteennovelsinadditiontoanunfinishedwork,TheMysteryofEdwinDrood,morethantwentynovellas,hundredsofshortstories,asketch,twotravels,andalotofspeeches,letters,essaysandpoems.
In1836,whenhewasacongressreporterinmorningpaper.HebegantopublisharticleswithwhichhepublishedSketchesbyBoz.However,itisThePickwickPapers,whichcameoutlaterin1836,thatmadehimfamous.Atfirst,itattractedalittleattention.Butinthespringof1827,itreceivedalotpopularityandbecamewell-known.Itissopopularthat