跨文化交际中的语用失误分析论文.docx

跨文化交际中的语用失误分析论文.docx

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跨文化交际中的语用失误分析论文

本科生毕业论文（设计）

题　　目

TheEnlightenmentofCriticalPeriodHypothesisonChildren’sEnglishTeaching

姓　　名

学号

院　　系

外国语学院

专　　业

英语

指导教师

职称

年月日

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Iamdeeplyindebtedtomysupervisor,whohasgivenmeconstantandvaluableadvice,readmydraftsthroughmeticulouslyandofferedincisivecommentsonthem.Withoutherhelp,thethesiscouldneverhavereacheditspresentform.

Mysinceregratitudealsogoestoallmyteacherswhohavegivenmeexcellentlecturesandgreathelp,whichareindispensabletothecompletionofthisthesis.Ialsogivemyheartythankstoallmyclassmateswhohaveofferedgeneroushelpandusefulsuggestionsintheprocessofwritingthisthesis.

Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallthewriterswhoseworkshavebeenreferredtointhisthesis.

摘要

随着社会和经济的发展，国际之间的合作与交流不断深入，跨文化交际语用失误已成为语用学和应用语言学研究的一个重要领域。

本文从语用学和跨文化交际角度出发，首先回顾了语用学的定义以及跨文化交际和语用学的关系，并且对语用失误概念进行界定和归类;然后，从中西语言和文化差异、语用负迁移、思维方式和言语行为差异、语用原则、分析了跨文化语用失误的原因;最后，通过分析现实生活中出现的语用失误现象，提出在跨文化交际中如何避免语用失误及其对外语教学的启示;总结得出外语教学应该通过文化意识的培养、传统教学理念和教学方法的改革，培养和提高学习者的语用能力和跨文化交际能力。

关键词：

跨文化交际；语用失误；语用能力；交际能力；外语教学

Abstract

Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy,thecommunicationcooperationbetweennationsbecomesmoreandmorefrequent.Pragmaticfailurehasbeenoneoftheheatedtopicsinthefieldofpragmaticsandappliedlinguistics.Fromtheviewofpragmaticsandcross-culturalcommunication,thethesisfirstlyreviewsthedefinitionsofpragmaticsandtherelationshipbetweenpragmaticsandinterculturalcommunication.Then,pragmaticfailureisdefinedandclassified.Atthesametime,Iprobeintothecausesofthepragmaticfailurefromthefollowingaspectsas:

languageandculturedifferences,negativepragmatictransfer,differentthinkingpatternsandspeechbehavior,pragmaticprinciples.Throughanalyzingmanyphenomenaofpragmaticfailurescollectedfromthereallife,thethesisfinallyputsforwardssomepracticalsuggestionsandimplicationsforforeignlanguageteaching,arrivingattheconclusionthatforeignlanguageteachingshouldconcentrateonimprovingthestudents'interculturalcommunicativecompetenceandpragmaticcompetencethroughthecultivationofstudents'culturalawareness,reformationoftraditionalteachingconceptsandmethods.

Keywords:

interculturalcommunication,pragmaticfailure,pragmaticcompetence,communicativecompetence,EFLteachingandlearning

CONTENTS

0.Introduction

AsacommunicationtoolbetweenChinesepeopleandforeigners,Englishisoneofthemostimportantandpopularlanguagesininternationalcommunication.MostofChineselearnersofEnglishhavelearnedEnglishlearningformanyyears,buttheyoftenfindthattheystillhavedifficultiesincommunicationwithforeigners.studentsfromprimaryschooltouniversityshouldlearnit.ForalongtimeinChina,foreignEnglishlanguageteachinghasbeeninfluencedbystructuralism,whichresults

inputtingexcessiveemphasisonlanguageknowledgeteachinginclassroomandignoringthelanguageuseinreallife.Themajortasksandaimsofclassroomteaching

arestuffingwithEnglishlanguageknowledgesuchasgrammar,vocabularyusagesandsoon.Andtheteachinggoalismainlyexamination-oriented.

HowtosolvetheproblemandtakemeasurestochangethecurrentsituationofEnglishlearningandteachinginChinastillremainsahotissue.Intherecentyears,thepragmaticknowledgeandawarenessisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinthelanguageteaching,especiallyinthecollegeEnglishteaching.Language,culture,andcommunicationinfluenceeachother.Culturaldifferencesarethebasiccausesofpragmaticfailureininterculturalcommunication.Cultureistheinnercoreoflanguage.Thecultureinformationcarriedbylanguageisthepremiseofcorrectlyusinglanguage.

TheanalysisofinterculturalpragmaticfailureincommunicationholdsimportantimplicationsforEFLteachingandlearning.Themainpurposeoflearningaforeignlanguageiscommunication,andthecollegeEnglishsyllabusshouldgivepartoftheirattentiontothecommunicationanditisbettertoaddculturelanguageknowledgetocollegeEnglishsyllabus.ThegoalofEFLandEnglishteachingandlearningshouldsetonthedevelopingcollegestudents'communicativecompetence,soastohelpthemachievethegoalsofsuccessfulinter-culturalcommunication.One

ofthegoalsandtargetsfortheteachingofcollegeEnglishistopromotethecommunicativecompetencetomeetthecommunicationneeds.

1.LiteratureReview

1.1DefinitionofPragmatics

Theterm"pragmatics"wasfirstputforwardbyAmericanphilosopherCharlesMorrisinthebookFoundationoftheTheoryofSigns,inwhichhedistinguishedthreedistinctbranches:

syntactic（orsyntax）,semanticsandpragmatics.Pragmaticswasnotrecognizedasanindependentsubjectinlinguisticsuntil1977whentheJournalofPragmaticswaspublishedinHolland.Inthestudyfieldofpragmatics,linguistscarry

outresearchesfromdifferentaspectsanddefineitfromdifferentperspectives.Thereforethedefinitionsofpragmaticsaregivenindifferentangles.

Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflanguageunderstanding（Levinson1983）.

Pragmaticsisastudyofhowlanguageisusedincommunication（Leech1983）

Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms（Yule2000）.

Pragmaticsisthescienceoflanguageseeninrelationtoitsusers（May1993）.

Fromthestatementsabove,itshowsthatthoughpragmaticsisdefinedindifferentperspectives,theexplanationsaregenerallythesame.Pragmaticsisstudyofhowtointerpretthemeaningofutterancesandhowtoappropriatelyuselanguagetoconductcommunicationinaparticularcontext.Itisespeciallyconcernedwithappropriatenessandthesituationthelanguageused.

1.2LanguageandCulture

Astotherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage,theytieupwitheachotherbutdifferfromeachother."Alanguageisapartofcultureandacultureisapartoflanguage.Thetwoareinterwovenintricatelysothatonecannotseparatetheotherwithoutlosingthesignificanceofeitherlanguageorculture.Thusnolanguagecanbeseparatedfromitssocialandculturalenvironment"（Brown1987:

?

）.Languageandcultureareinterdependentandtheycomplementeachother.Broadlyspeaking,everyutteranceoccursinitsculturalcontext.However,languageismerelyapartofculture,anaspectofculture,notthewhole.Someculturesembodythemselvesinobjectssuchasthenecessitiesofdailylife,whicharenotconcernedwithlanguageinadirectway.

Soitisbelievedthatwithoutlanguage,thereisnocultureandwithoutculture,languagewillloseitsallmeaningsandvanishintheend.Theintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandculturedeterminesthatintheprocessoflanguagelearningmorestressshouldbelaiduponculturalelements.Asaresult,interculturalmisunderstandingsoccurduetothedifferencesbetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures.Languagedoesnotalwaysconveythesamemessagetopeoplefromdifferentculturethoughthewordsarethesame.Culturalbackgroundprovidesitscontextforinterpretation.Therefore,language,asanintegralpartofculture,canonlybereallyunderstoodonconditionthatthecultureisunderstood.

2.AnalysisofPragmaticFailureinInterculturalCommunication

2.1DefinitionofPragmaticFailure

Ininterculturalcommunication,peopleoftenmeetsuchproblemsastheyoftencannotunderstandthemeaningofthesentences,whilethesentenceshavenogrammaticalmistakes.Forexample,anAmericantalkedwithaChineseinterpreter,ayoungladywhohasgraduatedfromoneChineseuniversity:

“YourEnglishisexcellent.”TheChineseladyresponded,“No,no.MyEnglishisquitepoor.”ThentheAmericanappearedapparentlyabitpuzzled.Linguistscallthiskindofphenomenon“pragmaticfailure”.Thomas（1983:

96）definesthepragmaticfailureas“theinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid”.Ininterculturalcommunicationtherearemanyfactorsthatcaninfluencepeople'scommunicationsuchaswaysofthinking,rulesofspeakingandbehaving,socialvalues.Whenpeoplefromdifferentculturescommunicate,theymayencountercommunicativefailureduetoculturaldifferences.

Asweallknow,communicationisaninteractiveprocess,andpragmaticfailureisinvolvedwithbothparticipantsincommunication.Fromourdailyexperience,weknowthatsometimesevenpersonsinthesameculturemakepragmaticfailuresbecausetheydon'thaveenoughinformationaboutwhatistalkingaboutorbecauseonedoesn'thavetheother'sexperiencesorbackground.Therefore,itisbettertodefinepragmaticfailureasfollows:

Thecommunicativefailureiscausedbythetwopartiesofcommunicationmisunderstandingorinappropriatelyexpressingverbalornonverbalinformationbecauseofthelackofthecompetenceofcorrectlyunderstandingcommunicativeinformationorefficientlyusinglanguageincommunication.Pragmaticfailurecannotonlytakeplaceindifferentculturesbutinthesameculture.Aspragmaticfailuremostlyhappensbetweencultures,thisessaywilllaymoreemphasisoninterculturalpragmaticfailure,especiallytheinterculturalpragmaticfailurebetweentheChineseandwesterncultures.

2.2ClassificationsofPragmaticFailure

Itisusuallybelievedthatpragmaticfailureisdividedintotwotypes,whicharepragmaticfailureandsocialpragmaticfailure.However,mostscholarsalsohaveignoredanimportantaspectof一pragmaticfailure,whichisnonverbalpragmaticfailure.Infact,pragmaticfailurealsoexist