新高考英语阅读理解专题如何猜测生词词义.docx
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新高考英语阅读理解专题如何猜测生词词义
2021新高考英语阅读理解专题—如何猜测生词词义
把一个生词放在语篇中,让学生根据上下文语境去猜该生词的英语释义,是阅读理解中的必考题型,也是落实英语学科素养关于逻辑思维能力及批判性思维能力培养的关键途径之一。
01.利用标点符号猜测词义
省略号、破折号、问号等标点符号往往都成为了解题的突破口,读者当细心体会。
【2019全国I】Buthe’snervous.“ I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld,”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport."...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.
¤Whatdoestheunderlinedword"stumbles"inparagraph2referto?
A.Improperpauses. B.Badmanners
C.Spellingmistakes. D.Sillyjokes.
解析:
根据Whaley的点评,学生Chris做得非常得棒(amazinglywell),除了...,可知somestumbles是演讲中的弱点;然而,A、B、C、D都是弱点。
所以,本题再结合省略号可知,Chris讲话吞吞吐吐,结结巴巴。
这一点也在短语tripson...(绊倒在;卡在...上),综合考虑选A.
02.利用例证猜测词义
这些词汇包括forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,including,besides,...
【2018全国I】Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominant languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.
¤Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2?
A.Complex B.Advanced
C.Powerful D.Modern
解析:
本句话提到,所有种种都导致许多语言消失,而且像(suchas)英语、西班牙语和汉语这些语言占了上风、取而代之,结合常识,英语、西班牙语、汉语是国际通用语言,说明这三门语言生命力很强,从而选C.
03.利用语义场猜测词义
语义场是借用物理学中的“场”的概念而来的,是指语义的类聚。
语义场强调的是一个词跟其它词在语义上存在着密切的联系,如同个词、同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词、同功用词汇等等。
【2016全国I】IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I’vedone89trips--ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI’vegottwoicepacksandthat’showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we’vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciusoftime.
¤Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inPara.1?
A. provider B.deliveryman
C.collecor D.medicaldoctor
解析:
从本段词句I’vedone89trips以及Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells可以推断作者“我”是一名干细胞运送者。
也就是说carrystems与adeliveryman属于同一个语义场。
【2019全国III】"Chinaisimpossibletooverlook",saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion---theyarecentraltoitsmovement”Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina---someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingon Galliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs---andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,”addsHill.
¤Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?
A.learningfrom B.lookingdownon
C.workingwith D.competingagainst
解析:
希尔认为,中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者,她们也是时尚运动的核心。
其中,VeraWang等设计师正在与西方设计师较量并beatingthemhandsdown(打败对方让其无还手之力)。
这里,beatsb.handsdown与takeon属于近义词域,构成语义场关系。
答案为D.
04.利用构词法猜测词义
构词法指的是前缀、后缀和合成。
前缀如disadvantage,incorrect,misunderstand等;后缀如handful,kindness,drinkable,等;合成如warmhearted,greenhouse,passer-by等等。
【2018全国II】Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesofslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.
¤Whatis"ajuicer" inthelastparagraph?
A. Adessert B.Adrink
C.Acontainer D.Amachine
解析:
juice是果汁,根据构词常识,后缀-er,要么指人,要么指机器。
再结合语境“如果你有一个...的话,你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果或切成片的水果放进去,就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品,要马上吃掉哦。
”这一波操作就是榨汁机的功能,于是我们确认选D.
05.利用批判性思维猜测词义
批判性思维体现在阅读上就是立足文本,即读者的“主观”应该尽量靠近阅读文本的“客观”。
读者的理解越靠近文本实际表达,说明读者的批判性思维能力就越强。
【2019全国II】"Youcanusemeasalastresort(选择), andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit." ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykids’ lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.
Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon...Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Allright.Yes,I’lldoit.”
¤Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tugattheheartstrings”inparagraph2mean?
A.Encourageteamwork.
B.Appealtofeelings.
C.Promotegooddeeds.
D.Provideadvice.
解析:
那位家长一开始并不太愿意去“我”的孩子们的长曲棍球俱乐部做志愿者。
“我”就又一次尝试打感情牌,诉说“我”的可怜处境及那位教练的的无私。
不少考生选C.promotegooddeeds(倡议做好事),后面的教练的确是在做好事,但至于“我”,只能说是尽家长的义务,不能算是做好事。
也即只有“打动某人的心、打感情牌”才能全面概括后面两件事,在概括范围上与文本吻合,批判思维度较高。
答案选B.
06.利用语义转折猜测词义
常见的表示转折的词汇有:
but, however,yet, though, although, as, while, eventhough, evenif, rather, instead, ratherthan,whatever, unlukily, unfortunatly, surprisingly, infact, asamatteroffact, indeed, ontheotherhand, unlike, onthecontrary, incontrastwith
【2018北京】Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing. Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybe fielded byyide-hailingservices(叫车服务), consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasleabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题). But driverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricedropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.
¤Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4mean?
A.Employed. B.Replaced.
C.Shared. D.Reduced.
解析:
根据文意,考虑到无人驾驶技术成本高、责任与维护风险并存,首批投入市场的无人驾驶汽车估计仅限于叫车服务行业使用(employed). 但是随着其价格走低以及人们逐渐适应该技术,其购买者数量很可能增加。
该题利用but后文本的优势,来推断but前的使用局限。
07.利用因果关系猜测词义
一定的原因会导致一定的结果,作者在叙述原因的过程中常会把词和句子置于因果关系中。
常见词汇有:
because, as, since, nowthat, for, so, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, due to, owingto,resultin, resultfrom, asaresult, forthisreason, accordingly, so, so...that, such...that 等。
【2016全国新课标】Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions. OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette, butyou’llneedawarm, shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit, so it’s apipedream formostappleloverswhofallforit.
¤Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?
A. apracticalidea.
B. Avainhope.
C. Abrilliantplan.
D. Aselfishdesire.
解析:
前一句话提到,要栽种OrleansReinette,必须拥有温暖,防风雨日晒的地方,而且有完美的土壤条件,因此,那些喜爱这个品种苹果的人要想拥有,简直是枉然的、难以实现的愿望。
08.利用解释关系猜测词义
破折号或表示同位语的逗号在阅读文章中都起到解释说明作用,我们在阅读中要能敏感地意识到这一功能,以利于更顺畅地理解文本。
【2015江苏】Some2500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwereboth tyrannies, oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses..
¤Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?
A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.
B.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.
C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.
D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.
解析:
逗号后面的onepowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses是单词tyrannies的同位语,两者互为一体。
答案选D.
09.利用推理判断法猜测词义
【2012北京】Proudlyreadingmywords,Iglancedaroundtheroom,onlytofindmyclassmatesbearingbigsmilesontheirfacesandtearsintheireyes.Confused,Iglancedtowardmystone-facedteacher.Havingnochoice,IslowlyraisedthereportIhadslavedover,hopingtohidemyself.“Whatcouldbecausingeveryonetoactthisway?
”
Quickly,IflashedbacktothedayMissLancelotgavemethetask.ThiswasthefirstrealtaskIreceivedinmynewschool.Itseemedsimple:
goontheInternetandfindinformationaboutamannamedGeorgeWashington.Sincemyideaofhistorycamefromanancientteacherinmyhomecountry,Ihadneverheardofthatnamebefore.AsIsearchedthenameofthisfellow,itbecameevidentthatthereweretwopeoplebearingthesamenamewholookedcompletelydifferent!
Oneinventedhundredsofusesforpeanuts,whiletheotherledsomesortofarmyacrossAmerica.Istaredatthescreen,wonderingwhichonemyteachermeant.Icalledmygrandfatherforagoldenpieceofadvice:
flip(掷) acoin.Heads---thecommander,andtails---thepeanutguy.Ah!
Tails,myreportwouldbeaboutthegreatmanwhoinventedpeanutbutter,GeorgeWashingtonCarver.
Weekslater,standingbeforethisunfriendlymass,Iwastotallylost.Ohwell,Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk, burning tofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong.Asaclassmatebeganhisreport,itallbecameclear,“MyreportisonGeorgeWashington,themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution.” Thewholeworldbacamequiet!
HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington?
¤Theunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?
A.annoyed.
B.ashamed.
C.ready.
D.eager.
解析:
从上文不难看出,作者辛辛苦苦准备的学习成果汇报却遭到同学们的嘲笑,他不理解为什么同学和老师竟有如此反应。
结束汇报后,他做回原位,很“渴望”知道自己做错了什么事。
继而,他从班级同学所做的类似报告中得自己的由于历史常识匮乏,竟然把老师布置的对总统乔治华盛顿探究,错误地判断为研究花生制品大师乔治华盛顿卡福。