绿色贸易壁垒对中国纺织业的影响外文文献1.wps

绿色贸易壁垒对中国纺织业的影响外文文献1.wps

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外文翻译及译稿外文翻译及译稿外文题目：

ThegreenbarriertofreetradeC.P.Chandrasekhar译文题目：

自由贸易中的绿色壁垒系：

经济系专业班级：

国际经济与贸0893姓名：

梁维学号：

2008945080论文题目：

绿色贸易壁垒对中国纺织业的影响指导老师：

杨杰职称：

经济师ThegreenbarriertofreetradeC.P.ChandrasekharJayatiGhoshAstheMarch31deadlineforcompletingthemodalitiesstageoftheproposednewroundofnegotiationsonglobalagriculturaltradenears,hopesofanagreementareincreasinglywaning.InthiseditionofMacroscan,C.P.ChandrasekharandJayatiGhoshexaminethefactorsandtheplayersconstrainingtherealisationofsuchanagreement.ATTHEENDofthelatestroundofmeetingsoftheagriculturalnegotiationscommitteeoftheWTO,theoptimismthatnegotiatorswouldmeettheMarch31deadlineforworkingoutnumericaltargets,formulasandothermodalitiesthroughwhichcountriescanframetheirliberalisationcommitmentsinanewfull-fledgedroundoftradenegotiationshasalmostdisappeared.Thattargetwasimportantfortworeasons.First,itisnowbecomingclear,thatevenmorethanwastrueduringtheUruguayRound,forginganagreementintheagriculturalareaisboundtoproveextremelydifficult.ProgressintheagriculturalnegotiationswaskeytopersuadingtheunconvincedthatanewDohaRoundoftradenegotiationsisusefulandfeasible.Second,theDohadeclarationmadeagriculturalnegotiationsonepartofasingleundertakingtobecompletedbyJanuary1,2005.Thatis,inatakeall-or-nothingscheme,countrieshadtoarriveat,andbeboundby,agreementsinallareasinwhichnegotiationsweretobeinitiatedinthenewround.Thismeansthatifagreementisnotworkedoutwithregardtoagriculture,therewouldbenochangeinthemultilateraltraderegimegoverningindustry,servicesorrelatedareasandnoprogressinnewareas,suchascompetitionpolicy,foreigninvestmentandpublicprocurement,allofwhicharecrucialtotheeconomicagendaofthedevelopedcountries.Thefactorsmakingagriculturethestickingpointonthisoccasionarenumerous.AsinthelastRound,thereislittleagreementamongthedevelopedcountriesthemselvesontheappropriateshapeoftheglobalagriculturaltraderegime.TherearesubstantialdifferencesintheagendaoftheUS,theEUandthedevelopedcountrieswithintheCairnsgroupofagriculturalexporters.Whentherichandthepowerfuldisagree,aglobalconsensusisnoteasytocomeby.Butthatisnotall.Evenifanagreementisstitchedupbetweentherichnations,throughmanoeuvressuchastheBlairHouseaccord,gettingtherestoftheworldtogoalongwouldbemoredifficultthistime.ThisisbecausetheoutcomesintheagriculturaltradeareasincetheimplementationoftheUruguayRound（UR）AgreementonAgriculture（AoA）beganhavefallenfarshortofexpectations.InthecourseofRound,advocatesoftheURregimehadpromisedglobalproductionadjustmentsthatwouldincreasethevalueofworldagriculturaltradeandanincreaseindevelopingcountryshareofsuchtrade.AsChart1shows,globalproductionvolumescontinuedtoriseafter1994whentheimplementationoftheUruguayRoundbegan,withsignsoftaperingoffonlyin2000and2001.Asiswidelyknown,thisincreaseinproductionoccurredinthedevelopedcountriesaswell.Notsurprisingly,therefore,thevolumeofworldtradecontinuedtoriseaswellafter1994（Chart2）.Therealshiftoccurredinagriculturalpriceswhich,aftersomebuoyancybetween1993and1995,havedeclinedthereafter,andparticularlysharplyafter1997.Itisthisdeclineinunitvaluesthatresultedinasituationwherethevalueofworldtradestagnatedandthendeclinedafter1995,whentheimplementationoftheUruguayRoundbegan.AsTable1shows,therewasasharpfallintherateofgrowthofglobalagriculturaltradebetweenthesecondhalfofthe1980sandthe1990s,withthedeclineingrowthinthe1990sbeingduetotheparticularlypoorperformanceduringthe1998to2001period.PricedeclinesandstagnationinagriculturaltradevaluesinthewakeoftheURAgreementonAgriculturewereaccompaniedandpartlyinfluencedbythepersistingregionalisationofworldagriculturaltrade.ThefociofsuchregionalisationwereWesternEuropeandAsia,with32and11percentofglobalagriculturaltradebeingintra-WesternEuropeanandintra-Asiantraderespectively（Chart3）.Whatisnoteworthy,however,isthatagriculturalexportsaccountedforamuchhighershareofbothmerchandiseandprimaryproductstradeinNorthAmericaandWesternEurope（besidesLatinAmericaandAfrica）thanitdidforAsia.Thus,despitebeingthedevelopedregionsoftheworld,agriculturalproductionandexportswereimportantinfluencesontheeconomicperformanceofNorthAmericaandWesternEurope.Itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatEuropeiskeenonmaintainingitsagriculturalsectorthroughprotection,whiletheUSiskeenonexpandingitsroleinworldagriculturalmarketsbysubsidingitsownfarmersandforcingothercountriestoopenupth