高中英语阅读理解5推理大意和细节议论文.docx
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高中英语阅读理解5推理大意和细节议论文
精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义
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课时数及课时进度:
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课题
主旨大意和细节在阅读理解解题技巧-议论文
授课时间:
备课时间:
教学目标
正确解答主旨大意题和细节
重点、难点
如何理解文章的主旨大意和细节
考点及考试要求
灵活运用主题大意题在议论文中的解题技巧
教学内容
PartI.Greetingandintroduction
1.Greeting
2.Check、correctandexplainhomework.
PartII.阅读理解技巧突破——主旨大意题
在高考阅读理解中,只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题,才能正确理解文章,进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。
阅读理解主题概括类题目的一般范围是:
基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。
它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,对文章进行高度的概括或总结,属于高层次题。
拟题大致有以下一些提问方式:
Thetextismainlyabout____.
Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainpurposeis.
What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?
Whatwouldbethebesttitle/headlineforthetext?
Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof____.
Whatisthetopicofthetext?
Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthisstoryis____.
Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis____.
Whatdoesthesecondparagraphdiscuss?
Theparagraph(passage)dealswith_____.
Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?
从以上具体的提问形式可知此类题目可概括为两大类,即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的文章标题。
一、段落及文章整体的主旨大意的理解
文章是由段落组成的,段落是发展一个主题(topic)的一群句子,段落的主题就是段落的中心思想。
而就一整篇文章而言,具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。
寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是:
通过分析篇章结构,找出每小段的主题句,通过主题句找出文章主题。
解主题大意时,以下方法可供参考:
1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子和最后一句,没有主题句的要从全文大意来概括。
2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。
抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。
1.寻找主题句,确定文章主题。
主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:
开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。
因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。
做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时,一般不需逐句浏览,只需选读文章的首段,尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。
例如:
Onthewhole,inshort,therefore…Iagreewiththeopinionthat…
Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…
Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…
文章中的but,however,asaresult,therefore等词,它们通常是引出中心主旨的方向词;而forexample,first,tobeginwith等是引出细节的信息词,在它们之前往往提到文章的中心思想。
练习:
Sample1
Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:
ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.
Sample2
Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.
Sample3
Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.
Sample4
Youmightthinkthat“globalwarming”meansnothingmorethanariseintheworld’stemperature.But,risingsealevelscausedbyithaveresultedinthefirstevacuation(撤离)ofanislandnation---thecitizensofTuvaluwillhavetoleavetheirhomeland.
Thetextismainlyabout________________.
A.rapidchangesinearth’stemperatureB.badeffectsofglobalwarming
C.movingofacountrytoanewplaceD.reasonsforlowlandflooding
巩固练习:
Weareallinterestedinequality,butwhilesomepeopletrytoprotecttheschoolandexaminationsysteminthenameofequality,others,stillinthenameofequality,wantonlytodestroyit.
Anysocietywhichisinterestedinequalityofopportunityandstandardsofachievementmustregularlytestitspupils.Thestandardsmaybechanged—noexaminationisperfect—buttohavetotestsorexaminationswouldmeantheendofequalityandofstandards.Therearegroupsofpeoplewhoopposethisviewandwhodonotbelieveeitherinexaminationsorinanycontrolsinschooloronteachers.Thiswouldmeanthateverythingwoulddependonlucksinceeverypupilwoulddependontheefficiency,thevaluesandthepurposeofeachteacher.
Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavourtismwillreplaceequality.Atthemoment,thebrightchildfromanill—respectedschoolcanshowcertificatestoproveheorsheissuitableforajob,whilethelakeofcertificateindicatestheunsuitabilityofadullchildattendingawell—respectedschool.Thisdefendofexcellenceandopportunitywoulddisappearifexaminationsweretakenaway,andthebrightchildformapoorfamilywouldbeaprisonerofhisorherschool’sreputation,unabletocompeteforemploymentwiththechildfromthefavouredschool.
Theopponentsoftheexaminationsystemsuggestthatexaminationsareanevilforcebecausetheyshowdifferencesbetweenpupils.Accordingtothesepeople,theremustbenospecial,different,academicclass.Theyhaveevensuggestedthatthereshouldbenoformofdifferenceinsportoranyotherarea:
alljobsorpostsshouldbefilledbyunsystematicselection.Theselectionwouldbemadebypeoplewhothemselvesareprobablyselectedbysomecomputer.
Thepassagemainlyfocuseson___________.
A.schoolsandcertificatesB.examinationandequality
C.opportunityandemploymentD.standardsandreputation
2.抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想
寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。
各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
在这个过程中,应考虑文章的组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的;分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达中心的;最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
巩固练习:
Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower(原子能).First,theradioactivematerialmusttravelfromitsplaceofproductiontothepowerstation.Althoughthepowerstationsthemselvesarestronglybuilt,thecontainersusedforthetransportofthematerialsarenot.Normally,onlytwomethodsoftransportareinuse,namelyroadorrail.Unfortunately,bothofthesemayhaveaneffectonthegeneralpublic,sincetheyaresuretopassnear,oreventhrough,heavilypopulatedareas.
Second,thereistheproblemofwaste.Allnuclearpowerstationsproducewastesthatinmostcaseswillremainradioactiveforthousandsofyears.Itisimpossibletomakethesewastesnonradioactive,andsotheymustbestoredinoneoftheinconvenientwaysthatscientistshaveinvented.Forexample,theymaybeburiedundertheground,ordroppedintodesertedmines,orsunkinthesea.However,thesemethodsdonotsolvetheproblem,sinceanearthquakecouldeasilybreakthecontainers.
Third,theremayoccurthedangerofaleak(泄漏)oranexplosionatthepowerstation.Aswiththeothertwodangers,thisisnotverylikely,soitdoesnotprovideaseriousobjectiontothenuclearprogram.However,itcanhappen.
Separately,thesethreetypesofdangersarenotagreatcauseforworry.Takentogether,though,theprobabilityofdisaster(灾难)isextremelyhigh.
Whatisthepassageabout?
A.Usesofnuclearpower.B.Dangersfromnuclearpower.
C.Publicangeratnuclearpower.D.Accidentscausedbynuclearpower.
Key:
B
3.抓住文章主线和关键词语,归纳文章中心
要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句暗含在句中。
阅读这样的文章,就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是,先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。
巩固练习:
TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.Thebagcontainedabook.
Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiaforahistoricaltreasure——a120-pagediarykept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan,“awomanwhokneweverybodyinherday,”JamesGreen,thelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.
MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia,ItalsoincludesadescriptionofBritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJamesMadisononhorsebackas“perfectlyshakingwithfear”duringthetroubleddays.GeorgeWashington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchman,andpraisedherexcellentEnglish.
TheadventureofthelostbookbeganSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfromEnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestor(祖先)totheLibraryCompany,whichheandhiswifeconsideredtobethebesthomeforthediary.
GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”whenLuxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.OnreturningtohishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreen,Luxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehadleftitinthetaxi.
Withoutanydelay,Greenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecity,withnoluck,“I’vefeltsicksincethen,”Luxmooretoldreporters.
AccordingtoGreen,noonehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.
TomBrennanreceivedareward(奖励)of1,000,Philadelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistory,andLuxmooretoldreporters,“It’swonderfulnews.I’monhigh”.
Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof_____.
A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany
Key:
A
二、文章标题的选择或拟定
标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。
标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨论的中心,把握作者的观点和意图。
那么如何选择文章的标题呢?
1.要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;
2.再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;
3.要注意题目是过大还是过小;
4.要避免下列三种错误:
①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小);
②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);
③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
比如某一文章的中心句子为:
Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.
话题:
Coffee
巩固练习:
标题:
CoffeeAroundtheWorld
Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward(别扭的)handpositions.Theywillallowtheworkertokeeptheelbows(肘)nexttothebodytopreventdamagetotheshoulderandarm.
Overuseinjuriescanthereforebepreventedorreducediftheemployerprovides,andworkersuse:
●powertoolsratherthanhavingtousemuscle(肌肉)power
●toolswithspe