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summary范文
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〔summary范文〕
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Article
ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong
WilliamKilpatrick
Manyoftoday’syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimension(道德层面)totheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythat’strue,butnonemoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschews(回避)teachingchildrenthetraditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called“decision-making,”wasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced“charactereducation.(品格教育)”Charactereducationdidn’taskchildrentoreinventthemoralwheel(浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准);instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.
Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.
Decision-makingcurriculumsposethorny(棘手的)ethicaldilemmastostudents,leavingthemwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuesthey’veneveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuous(薄弱的)hold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifonlytheyaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.
Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.
Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-education(价值观教育)programsthatarelittlemorethancoursesinself-esteem(自尊).Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwon’twanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:
namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalself-regardwillconcludethatheorshecan’tdoanythingbad.
Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive(无指导性的),non-judgmental(无是非观的),as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentality(思想)thathaspervaded(渗透)publiceducationforthelasttwoandone-halfdecades.Manyoftoday’sdrugeducation,sexeducationandvalues-educationcoursesarebasedonthesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.
Meanwhile,whileeducatorsarestillfiddlingwith(胡乱摆弄)outdated“feel-good”approaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysmerelysubjective.Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoney—ifitfeelsright—yougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusion—justaboutanyconclusion—canbereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.
Itistimetoconsign(寄出)thefads(风尚)of“decision-making”and“non-judgmentalism”totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.
Sample
Summaryof“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong”
Inhisessay“,”ferventlythattheapproachtothemoraleducationofAmericanyouth,whichreplaced“charactereducation”25yearsago,haspreventedjuvenilesfrombehavingandthinkinginaccordancewiththetraditionalmoralprinciplesthatarefundamentaltoAmericansociety.
subjectiveconstructswithonlyrelativetruthinthemandthereforecanbeinterpretedflexiblyandevenaboutwhatshouldbeclearlyrightorwrong.
aretheunexpectedoutcomesofthatsubscribetothe“non-judgmental”mindsetdominating.thatfeelinggoodwarrantsmoralityexcusesstudentsfromcriticizinganddiscipliningtheirownbehaviors.
emphasizingpracticeinsteadofdiscussion.
*篇二:
summary范文
Original:
Myneighborschildrenloveplayinghide-and-seekasallchildrendo,butnooneimaginethatagametheyplayedlastweekwouldbereportedinthelocalnewspaper.
Oneafternoon,theywereplayinginthevacantlotdownthecorner.YoungPaul,whoisonlyfiveyearsold,foundtheperfectplacetohide.Hissister,Natalie,hadshuthereyesandwascountingtotenwhenPaulnoticedthestoragemailboxatthecornerandsawthatthemetaldoorwasstandingopen.Themailmanhadjusttakenoutseveralsacksofmailandhadcarriedthemtohistruckwhichwasstandingatthecurbafewfeetaway.Paulclimbedintothestorageboxandpulledthedoorclosedsohardthatitlocked.Soonrealizingwhathehaddone,hebecamefrightenedandstartedcrying.Meanwhile,Nataliewaslookingforhimeverywherebutcouldnotfindhim.Itwasluckythatshehappenedtopauseatthecornerforaminuteandheardherbrotherscries.Sheimmediatelyrantotellthemailmanwhohurriedbackfromhistrucktounlockthemetaldoor.Paulwasnowfree,buthehadhadsuchabadscarethathecouldnotstopcrying.Themailman,however,soonfoundawayofmakinghimlaughagain.Hetoldhimthatthenexttimehewantedtohideinamailbox,heshouldremembertoputastamponhimself!
Summary:
Thechildrenwereplayinghide-and-seekinavacantlotoneafternoon.Findingthatthestoragemailboxhadbeenleftopen,Paulhidandlockedhimselfinitaccidentally.Hissister,Natalie,heardhiscriesandrealizedwherehewashiding,sosheimmediatelytoldthemailmantounlockthemetaldoor.Afterlet