英语期末考试整理.docx

英语期末考试整理.docx

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英语期末考试整理

1.管辖

归州管辖

Thiscaseisaboutcriminalmatter（contractmatter/torts/familylawissues/educationissues）,andthismatterbelongtothesovereigntyofthestatecourtsystem.Certainpowersreservetothestate,certainpowerreservetothefederal.Statemattersincludecriminal,torts,contract,familylawissues,educationissues.Thesemattersallbelongtothesovereigntyofstates.

Thestatescourtsheartheoverwhelmingmajorityofcriminalandcivilcases.Statetrialcourtsinitiallyhearcivilandcriminalcases.（州法院管辖大部分）

Alongwithcertainfederalcrimes（suchasterrorismordrugtraffickingacrossstatelines）,federalcourtshearnon-criminalorcivilcasesonlyiftheyarepremisedonaquestionaboutthemeaningofafederalstatuteorapplicationoftheconstitution;ifthepartiesarecitizensfromdifferentstate,orifoneisacitizenofaforeigncountry,andmorethan$7500isatstake;orifthefederalgovernmentitselfisapartytoasuit.Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheconstitution,thefederalcourtshavejurisdictiononlywhentheyareconferredonbylaw.（法律有规定的才归联邦法院管辖）

Thetrialcourtsaretheentrylevelcourtswherecasesarefirstfiled.Theappellatecourtsarethesecondlevelofcourts.Apartywholosesatthetrialcourtlevelmayappealthejudgmenttotheappellatecourt.TheSupremeCourt’sjurisdictionlimitedtothatstate’sappealscourts.Thesupremecourtsarethehighestandfinalcourts.TheonlyexceptiontothisruleoffinalityiswhenastateSupremeCourtopinioninterpretsthemeaningofafederallaworthefederalconstitution.TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,asthefinalauthorityonthemeaningoffederallaw,mayacceptanappealofsuchdecision.（州法院间的流转）

又因为上诉，涉及到宪法权利，比如修正案4，6，所以归联邦管辖。

Butthedefendantwasconvicted（loosedthecase）,andheaskedalawyerforfreebutrefused.Underhisconstitutionalright,hehastherightofalawyer.SoheappealedandthecasemovedoverintofederalcourtsystembasedonhisUSconstitutionalrightdeniedundertheamendmentsix.Nowthefederalcourthastheabilitytolookatthecase.

Therightofanattorneyisnotaprivilege,it’saconstitutionalright.Sothesecondpartofthisanalysisistheconstitutionalissue.

ThefederaljudicialsystemconsistsoftheSupremeCourt,13circuitcourtofappealsand94districtcourts.TheUnitedStatesdistrictcourtsaretheonlytrialcourtsinthefederalsystem.（联邦地区法院）

Thereare13UnitedStatescircuitsofappeals.Twelveofthesecircuitcourtsaregeographicallyplacedthroughoutthecountryinordertohearappealsfromthedistrictcourts.Thethirteenthcircuitcourt,calledtheUnitedStatescourtofappealsforthefederalcircuit,hasnationwidejurisdictiontohearappealsincasesinvolvinginternationaltrade,governmentcontract,intellectualproperty,andveteran’sbenefits.Apartywholosesacaseinadistrictcourtcanappealthatcourt’sjudgmenttoacircuitcourtofappeals.Anappealisnotasecondtrial.Theappellatecourtdoesnotacceptevidenceorhearwitness.Instead,thepurposeoftheappellatecourtistoreviewthetranscriptandcourtrecordofthedistrictcourtproceedingstodetermineifthedistrictcourt’srulingswerecorrect联邦上诉法院

ThehighestcourtinthefederaljudicialsystemistheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtistheonlycourtspecificallycreatedbytheconstitution.AdecisionoftheSupremeCourtcannotbeappealedtoanyothercourt.Partiesdon’thavearighttoappealacircuitcourtrulingtotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Instead,theSupremeCourthasthediscretiontochoosewhichcaseitwillhear.ApartyseekingSupremeCourtreviewwillfileawritofcertiorari,askingthecourttohearitscase.Inchoosingcase,thecourtlooksfordisputesthatonlyitcanresolve,suchasthefederalcircuitcourtcasesthathavereachedconflictinginterpretationsofthesamefederallawandthecasesthathaveinterpretedstatelawsinamannerthatconflictwithfederallaw.Theunitedstatessupremecourt’sjurisdictionlimitedtoappealsfromfederalcircuitcourtsandstatesupremecourtsthathavedecidedaquestionoffederallaw.联邦最高法院

Stateshavecourtsystem,andhavetheirownlegislatureandconstitution,distinguishingaparticularissueisstateconstitutionalissueorfederalconstitutionalissue.Statecourthasthesovereignpowertosayaparticularissueisstateconstitutionalissue.Thereisnoappealovertothefederal.Thefederalcanneversaywhatstateconstitutionsays,itwillviolatethestatesovereigntypower.Butreversedoesn’tapply.StatescansaywhattheUSconstitutionsays,butthefinalauthoritybelongtofederalcourt,theUSsupremecourt,tointerpretwhattheconstitutionsays.That’showthefederalcourtsystemcangetreviewedincriminalmatters.

WeseethatinBrewerv.Williams.

HelenPalsgrafv.thelongislandrailroadcompany☆tortissuefinalpowerresignstostatecourtHelen的案例说明了，torts侵权归州管辖。

2.修正案4

Thefourthamendmentpretectspeoplefromunreasonablesearchesandseizures.Undertheexclusionaryrule,evidencethatisillegallyobtainedbythepoliceinviolationofthefourthamendmentmaynotbeadmittedattrialtoconvictthedefendant.Forexample,ifthepoliceconductasearchinwhichtheyseizeevidencewithoutawarrant,theevidenceseizedwillnotbeadmissibleattrialtoconvictthedefendant.Furthermore,underthefruitsofthepoisonoustreedoctrine,anyadditional附加的informationthepoliceobtainbecauseoftheillegalsearchwillalsobeinadmissible不可接纳.Thepurposeoftheexclusionaryruleandthefruitsofthepoisonoustreedoctrineistorestrain制止policefromusingunconstitutionalmethodstoobtainevidence.

3.修正案6

（1）Speedytrial.

Theconstitutionalrighttoaspeedyrightpreventsthegovernmentfromdelayingatrialinordertopunishadefendant,oruntilwitnesseshavediedorforgottenthedetailsoftheirtestimonyoruntilevidencefavorabletothedefendanthasdisappeared.

（2）publictrial

Thesixthamendmentalsoguaranteesthedefendantapublictrial.Thepublictrialguarantyservestwopurposes.First,itpreventsthegovernmentfromconducting引导secrettrialsordetaining拘留thedefendantinanunknownplacewithoutpublicknowledgeorscrutiny监视.Second,trialpublicitykeepstheAmericanpublicinformedofprosecutionsinordertodeter阻止similarconductinthefuture.

（3）impartialjury公正的

Thesixamendmentguaranteestrialbyanimpartialjury.

（4）rightofconfrontation

Therightofconfrontationallowsadefendanttohaveface-to-faceconfrontationswithadverse不利的witnesses.

（5）righttocounsel

Thesixthamendmentalsoguaranteesthedefendanttherighttoalawyerandrequiresthegovernmenttoprovideanattorneytoacriminaldefendantwhocannotaffordtohireone.

一、Brewervs.Williams☆

1.非法证据排除规则中的“必然发现”例外，是这个案件中认可的。

根据这一例外，原来某项非法获得的证据如果能够通过其他合法调查途径必然发现，那么他就具有可采性。

对于“必然发现”的证明标准，控方只需要证明必然性达到了优势证据的程度，而不要求“无恶意”。

ThedetectiveknewthatWilliamswasformermentalpatient,andhewasdeeplyreligious.Buttheyembarkedaconversationcoveringavarietyoftopics,includingthesubjectofreligion.Asaresult,Williamsdirectedthepolicetothebody.

“Inevitablediscoveryexception”oftheexclusionaryrulewasconsideredadmissibleinthiscase.Accordingtothisexception,ifillegallyobtainedevidencecanbeinevitablediscoveryduringalegalinvestigation,itcanbeused.Asfortheproofstandardofthe“Inevitablediscoveryexception”,theprosecutionshallassumetheburdenofproofofinevitabilitywiththestandardof"priorityevidence"insteadofnon-badfaithintent.

2.这个案件如何流转到联邦最高院

Thestatescourtsheartheoverwhelmingmajorityofcriminalandcivilcases.Statetrialcourtsinitiallyhearcivilandcriminalcases.（州法院管辖大部分）

Alongwithcertainfederalcrimes（suchasterrorismordrugtraffickingacrossstatelines）,federalcourtshearnon-criminalorcivilcasesonlyiftheyarepremisedonaquestionaboutthemeaningofafederalstatuteorapplicationoftheconstitution;ifthepartiesarecitizensfromdifferentstate,orifoneisacitizenofaforeigncountry,andmorethan$7500isatstake;orifthefederalgovernmentitselfisapartytoasuit.Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheconstitution,thefederalcourtshavejurisdictiononlywhentheyareconferredonbylaw.（法律有规定的才归联邦法院管辖）

Thetrialcourtsaretheentrylevelcourtswherecasesarefirstfiled.Theappellatecourtsarethesecondlevelofcourts.Apartywholosesatthetrialcourtlevelmayappealthejudgmenttotheappellatecourt.TheSupremeCourt’sjurisdictionlimitedtothatstate’sappealscourts.Thesupremecourtsarethehighestandfinalcourts.TheonlyexceptiontothisruleoffinalityiswhenastateSupremeCourtopinioninterpretsthemeaningofafederallaworthefederalconstitution.TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,asthefinalauthorityonthemeaningoffederallaw,mayacceptanappealofsuchdecision.（州法院间的流转）

ThefederaljudicialsystemconsistsoftheSupremeCourt,13circuitcourtofappealsand94districtcourts.TheUnitedStatesdistrictcourtsaretheonlytrialcourtsinthefederalsystem.（联邦地区法院）

Thereare13UnitedStatescircuitsofappeals.Twelveofthesecircuitcourtsaregeographicallyplacedthroughoutthecountryinordertohearappealsfromthedistrictcourts.Thethirteenthcircuitcourt,calledtheUnitedStatescourtofappealsforthefederalcircuit,hasnationwidejurisdictiontohearappealsincasesinvolvinginternationaltrade,governmentcontract,intellectualproperty,andveteran’sbenefits.Apartywholosesacaseinadistrictcourtcanappealthatcourt’sjudgmenttoacircuitcourtofappeals.Anappealisnotasecondtrial.Theappella