英语句子成分分析学案.docx
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英语句子成分分析学案
英语句子成分分析学案
句子成分及结构
一句子成分
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:
除主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)之外还有表语(predicative)(同位语)。
1.主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线
1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.
2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.
3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.
4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.
5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.
6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.
7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.
8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.
9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue
练习2.改错
1)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.
2)Allwhathesaidisn’ttrue.
3)Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.
4)Onthedeskistwobooks.
2.谓语:
谓语由动词充当,说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。
谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.
2、复合谓语:
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。
如:
Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.
Hehascaughtabadcold.
Mysisteriscryingoverthere.
Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.
Iwouldstayathomeallday.
考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数
当主语是复数时(不止一个人),后面用动词原形。
当主语是一个人,并且不是I和you,谓语要用第三人称单数,也就是在后面加-s,-es
1.We/You(你们)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.
2.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.
3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)
3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.(副词作定语)
=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.(形容词作定语)
用划出下列句中的定语,并指出是什么词性或结构充当的
1.Tomisahandsomeboy.
2.HisboyneedsTom'spen.
3.TheboyinblueisTom.
4.Theboyneedsaballpen.
5.Theboythereneedsapen.
6.Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.
7.Thereisnothingtodotoday.
8.Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.
9.Therearefiveboysleft.
10.Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.
11.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.
12.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.
13.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.
14.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.
15.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.
16.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.
3.状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫作状语。
可由以下形式表示:
Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.
Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.Herunsveryslowly.
Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.
考点1.形容词、副词的选择
Heis____________.(careful)
Heisa___________man.(careful)
Hefeels__________.(happy)
Hewentthere____________.(happy)
Thelectureisvery____________(important).
____________(surprising),hecametothemeetingontime.
Thethingis______________.(极其重要)
Inthepast,thisstreetis_______________.(真的很繁华).
Heusedtogotoschool______.(late)
Heusedtobe_______(late)forschool.
几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:
方式→地点→时间。
如:
WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.
Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.
考点2.频度副词如often、always、usually等在be及助动词动词后,行为动词前。
Heisoftenlate.
Heisalwayshelpingothers.
Heoftencamelate.
考点3.副词按意义分类
在句子成分中,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认,如果这几个成分都不是,那很可能就是状语了。
因此,状语的种类很多,可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步
一.方式副词
suddenly rapidlywarmly successfullysurprisingly
quickly carefullyproudly angrily
二.地点、方向副词
here there outside inside
away straight upstairs backwards
三.时间副词
now then soon still
tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天already yet仍
lastweek/lastmonth在上周,nextweek/nextmonth
四.频度副词
always usually frequently 频繁地 often never
sometimes seldom 很少,不常rarely 罕有地 hardly
五.程度副词
very quite too pretty 相当
rather稍微 extremely极端地almost几乎 nearly几乎
练习:
指出下列划线部分属于什么状语
1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?
2.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.
3.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.
4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.
5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.
6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.
7.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.
8.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.
9.Theboyreallyneedsapen.
10.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.
11.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.
12.Iamtallerthanheis.
13.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.
14.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.
4.同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。
如:
Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
It’sgoodtousstudents.
1.Theyoungman,___,worksintheoffice.
A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.me
2.OurEnglishteacher,___oftenhelpsuswithstudy.
A.Mrs.WangB.Mrs.WangsC.Mrs.Wang's.D.ofhim
3.___,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.
A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.Theirs
二简单句的五种基本结构
基本句型一:
SV(主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不带宾语,但可以带状语,常见的不及物动词有:
act,come,go,work,last,fall,cry,disappear,appear,smile,rise,ring,live,look,listen,laugh,hurry,talk,sleep,retire,graduate,die,care,agree,,jump,fail,wait,succeed,stay,sit,lie,shine,happen,takeplace,rain,snow,ect.如:
Itisrainingnow.
We'veworkedfor5hours.
Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.
Timeflies.
基本句型二:
SVO(主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。
宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词以及从句等。
如,
ShelikesEnglish.
Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarmyesterday.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework..
2.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
3.Jimcannotdresshimself.
4.AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.
5.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.
基本句型三:
SVP(主+系+表)
系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有:
(1)表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound等;
(2)表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand等;
(3)表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow等。
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语
Heisastudent.
Yourideasoundsgreat.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种,并写出该句的系动词。
1)Hisadviceprovedright.
2)Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.
3)Themachinewentwrong.
4)Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.
5)Thesewordssoundreasonable.
6)Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.
7)Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.
8)Hefellillyesterday.
9)Treesturngreeninspring.
10)Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.
基本句型四:
SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:
give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。
这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。
间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:
动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
如:
Hegivemeacupoftea.
强调间接宾语顺序为:
动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。
如:
ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.
常跟双宾语的及物动词有:
(需借助to的)allow,bring,deny,do(带来),give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,render,restore,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等
(需借助for的)bring,buy,cash,choose,fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play(演奏),save,sing,spare等
HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.
=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionarytome.
ShegaveJohnabook.=Sheboughtabookforme.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.
2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.
3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.Hedenieshernothing.
5.Ishowedhimmypictures.6.Igavemycarawash.
7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.
基本句型五:
SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的特点是:
动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:
位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。
宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
Thewarmadehimasoldier.
Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.
Ioftenfindhimatwork.
Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethewindows.
Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.
分析下列句子划分成分,在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种,并指出是什么充当句子的宾语补足语
1.Theyappointedhimmanager.2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.
3.Hepushedthedooropen.4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.
5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?
6.Wesawhimout.
7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.
6.Therebe句型
此句型是由there+be+主语+状语构成,用以表达某地存在有,它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际意义。
考点1.Be与其后的主语在人称和数上一致,有时态和情态变化。
如,
肯定有 theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...
过去一直有 thereusedtobe… 似乎有 thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…
碰巧有 therehappen/happens/happenedtobe… 此句型有时可用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等词代替be动词。
Eg.Therelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountain.
Therecameashoutfor"help".
Theremusthavebeenavillagehere.
Thereliesabookonthedesk.
Therestandsatreeonthehill.
考点2.Therebe与have的区别
Therebe…某地有某物,某时有某事have表示某人拥有某物。
且记:
没有therehasabookonthedesk.Therehasameetingthisevening.这样的表达方法
练习:
翻译下来句子
1.我有许多好朋友。
2.今天晚上将有一场电影。
3.公园内有许多人。
4.树上有许多小鸟。
5.一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。
练习1.分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1)Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes.
2)Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.
3)Hisjobistotrainswimmers.
4)Wherehewasburiedremainedunknown.
5)Whathesaidprovedtrue.
6)Wemustkeepquiet.
7)Theshopstayedopenuntileleven.
8)Sheappearedyoungerthanshereallywas.
9)Hisfacewentred.
10)Hefellilllastweek.
11)ThecakeIateyesterdaytastedelicious.