托福阅读模拟试题考点分析卷十一.docx

托福阅读模拟试题考点分析卷十一.docx

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托福阅读模拟试题考点分析卷十一

2021年托福阅读模拟试题考点分析（卷十一）

　　托福阅读文本：

　　ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandships'figureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellenceintheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofas"sculptors"intoday'suseoftheword.

　　Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsofchurches—asinKing'sChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin1776.Indeed,formanyyearsthereafter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochoose—eitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.

　　Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.

　　Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers—attackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

　　（A）Therewasgreatdemandfortheworkofeighteenth-centuryartisans.

　　（B）SkilledsculptorsdidnotexistintheUnitedStatesinthe1770's.

　　（C）ManyforeignsculptorsworkedintheUnitedStatesafter1776.

　　（D）Americansculptorswerehamperedbyalackoftoolsandmaterials.

　　2.Theword"motifs"inline3isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）tools

　　（B）prints

　　（C）signatures

　　（D）designs

　　3.Theworkofwhichofthefollowingcouldbeseeninburialgrounds?

　　（A）Europeansculptors

　　（B）Carpenters

　　（C）Stonecarves

　　（D）Cabinetmakers

　　4.Theword"others"inline6refersto

　　（A）craftspeople

　　（B）decorations

　　（C）ornamentations

　　（D）shopsigns

　　5.Theword"distinct"inline9isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）separate

　　（B）assembled

　　（C）notable

　　（D）inferior

　　6.Theword"rare"inline11isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）festive

　　（B）infrequent

　　（C）delightful

　　（D）unexpected

　　7.WhydoestheauthormentionJosephWiltoninline13?

　　（A）HewasanEnglishsculptorwhodidworkintheUnitedStates.

　　（B）Hewaswellknownforhiswoodcarvings

　　（C）Heproducedsculptureforchurches.

　　（D）HesettledintheUnitedStatesin1776.

　　8.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheimportationofmarblememorialsfromEngland?

　　（A）Suchsculpturewaslessexpensivetoproducelocallythantoimport

　　（B）SuchsculpturewasnotavailableintheUnitedStates.

　　（C）Suchsculpturewasasprestigiousasthosemadelocally.

　　（D）Thematerialsfoundabroadweresuperior.

　　9.HowdidtheworkofAmericancarversin1776differfromthatofcontemporarysculptors?

　　（A）Itwaslesstime-consuming

　　（B）Itwasmoredangerous.

　　（C）Itwasmoreexpensive.

　　（D）Itwaslessrefined.

　　托福阅读答案：

　　BDCAABABD

　　托福阅读文本：

　　Althoughonly1personin20intheColonialperiodlivedinacity,thecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentofNorthAmerica.Theywereatthecuttingedgeof

　　socialchange.Itwasinthecitiesthattheelementsthatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared—theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoatorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools."Thecitiespredictedthefuture,"wrotehistorianGary.B.Nash,"eventhoughtheywerebutovergrownvillagescomparedtothegreaturbancentersofEurope,theMiddleEastandChina."

　　ExceptforBoston,whosepopulationstabilizedatabout16,000in1760,citiesgrewbyexponentialleapsthroughtheeighteenthcentury.InthefifteenyearspriortotheoutbreakoftheWarforindependencein1775,morethan200,000immigrantsarrivedonNorthAmericanshores.

　　ThismeantthatapopulationthesizeofBostonwasarrivingeveryyear,andmostofitflowedintotheportcitiesintheNortheast.Philadelphia'spopulationnearlydoubtedinthoseyears,reachingabout30,000in1774,NewYorkgrewatalmostthesamerate,reachingabout25,000by1775.

　　Thequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.ThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenpoorfarmcountry,andbythemid-eighteenthcenturyitwasvirtuallystrippedofitstimber.Theavailablefarmlandwasoccupied,therewaslittleintheregionbeyondthecitytoattractimmigrants.NewYorkandPhiladelphia,bycontrast,servedarichandfertilehinterlandlacedwithnavigablewatercourses.Scots,Irish,andGermanslandedinthesecitiesandfollowedtheriversinland.TheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiabecamethebreadbasketsofNorthAmerica,sendinggrainnotonlytoothercoloniesbutalsotoEnglandandsouthernEurope,wherecripplingdroughtsinthelate1760'screatedawholenewmarket.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofNorthAmericaintheeighteenthcenturydoesthepassage

　　mainlydiscuss?

　　（A）Theeffectsofwaronthegrowthofcities

　　（B）Thegrowthandinfluenceofcities

　　（C）Thedeclineoffarminginareassurroundingcities

　　（D）Thecausesofimmigrationtocities

　　2.Whydoestheauthorsaythat"thecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentof

　　NorthAmerica"（lines1-2）?

　　（A）Theinfluenceofthecitieswasmostlynegative

　　（B）Thepopulationsofthecitiesweresmall,buttheirinfluencewasgreat.

　　（C）Thecitiesweregrowingatagreatrate.

　　（D）Mostpeoplepretendedtoliveincities

　　3.Thephrase"inplaceof"inlines4-5isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）connectedto

　　（B）inadditionto

　　（C）becauseof

　　（D）insteadof

　　4.Theword"attendant"inline6isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）avoidable

　　（B）accompanying

　　（C）unwelcome

　　（D）unexpected

　　5.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasanelementofmoderncapitalism?

　　（A）Opencompetition

　　（B）Socialdeference

　　（C）Socialhierarchy

　　（D）Independentcraftspeople

　　6.ItcanbeinferredthatincomparisonwithNorthAmericancities,citiesinEurope,theMiddle

　　East,andChinahad

　　（A）largepopulations

　　（B）littleindependence

　　（C）frequentsocialdisorder

　　（D）fewpowersources

　　7.Thephrase"exponentialleaps"inline12isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）longwars

　　（B）newlaws

　　（C）rapidincreases

　　（D）excitingchanges

　　8.Theword"it"inline15refersto

　　（A）population

　　（B）size

　　（C）Boston

　　（D）Year

　　9.HowmanyimmigrantsarrivedinNorthAmericabetween1760and1775?

　　（A）About16,000

　　（B）About25,000

　　（C）About30,000

　　（D）Morethan200,000

　　10.Theword"dictated"inline18isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）spoiled

　　（B）reduced

　　（C）determined

　　（D）divided

　　11.Theword"virtually"inline20isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）usually

　　（B）hardly

　　（C）veryquickly

　　（D）almostcompletely

　　12.TheregionsurroundingNewYorkandPhiladelphiaiscontrastedwiththeregionsurrounding

　　Bostonintermsof

　　（A）qualityoffarmland

　　（B）originofimmigrants

　　（C）opportunitiesforfishing

　　（D）typeofgraingrown

　　13.WhydoestheauthordescribetheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiaas

　　"breadbaskets"?

　　（A）Theyproducedgrainespeciallyformakingbread.

　　（B）Theystoredlargequantitiesofgrainduringperiodsofdrought

　　（C）TheysuppliedgraintootherpartsofNorthAmericaandothercountries.

　　（D）TheyconsumedmoregrainthanalltheotherregionsofNorthAmerica.

　　托福阅读答案：

　　BBDBAACADCDAC

　托福阅读文本：

　　ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearinEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

　　Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarth'smagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheearthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfiled.

　　Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwinds,andforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind'schargedpar