托福阅读模拟试题考点分析卷十一.docx
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托福阅读模拟试题考点分析卷十一
2021年托福阅读模拟试题考点分析(卷十一)
托福阅读文本:
ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandships'figureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellenceintheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofas"sculptors"intoday'suseoftheword.
Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsofchurches—asinKing'sChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin1776.Indeed,formanyyearsthereafter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochoose—eitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.
Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.
Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers—attackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.
托福阅读题目:
1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
(A)Therewasgreatdemandfortheworkofeighteenth-centuryartisans.
(B)SkilledsculptorsdidnotexistintheUnitedStatesinthe1770's.
(C)ManyforeignsculptorsworkedintheUnitedStatesafter1776.
(D)Americansculptorswerehamperedbyalackoftoolsandmaterials.
2.Theword"motifs"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)tools
(B)prints
(C)signatures
(D)designs
3.Theworkofwhichofthefollowingcouldbeseeninburialgrounds?
(A)Europeansculptors
(B)Carpenters
(C)Stonecarves
(D)Cabinetmakers
4.Theword"others"inline6refersto
(A)craftspeople
(B)decorations
(C)ornamentations
(D)shopsigns
5.Theword"distinct"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)separate
(B)assembled
(C)notable
(D)inferior
6.Theword"rare"inline11isclosestinmeaningto
(A)festive
(B)infrequent
(C)delightful
(D)unexpected
7.WhydoestheauthormentionJosephWiltoninline13?
(A)HewasanEnglishsculptorwhodidworkintheUnitedStates.
(B)Hewaswellknownforhiswoodcarvings
(C)Heproducedsculptureforchurches.
(D)HesettledintheUnitedStatesin1776.
8.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheimportationofmarblememorialsfromEngland?
(A)Suchsculpturewaslessexpensivetoproducelocallythantoimport
(B)SuchsculpturewasnotavailableintheUnitedStates.
(C)Suchsculpturewasasprestigiousasthosemadelocally.
(D)Thematerialsfoundabroadweresuperior.
9.HowdidtheworkofAmericancarversin1776differfromthatofcontemporarysculptors?
(A)Itwaslesstime-consuming
(B)Itwasmoredangerous.
(C)Itwasmoreexpensive.
(D)Itwaslessrefined.
托福阅读答案:
BDCAABABD
托福阅读文本:
Althoughonly1personin20intheColonialperiodlivedinacity,thecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentofNorthAmerica.Theywereatthecuttingedgeof
socialchange.Itwasinthecitiesthattheelementsthatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared—theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoatorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools."Thecitiespredictedthefuture,"wrotehistorianGary.B.Nash,"eventhoughtheywerebutovergrownvillagescomparedtothegreaturbancentersofEurope,theMiddleEastandChina."
ExceptforBoston,whosepopulationstabilizedatabout16,000in1760,citiesgrewbyexponentialleapsthroughtheeighteenthcentury.InthefifteenyearspriortotheoutbreakoftheWarforindependencein1775,morethan200,000immigrantsarrivedonNorthAmericanshores.
ThismeantthatapopulationthesizeofBostonwasarrivingeveryyear,andmostofitflowedintotheportcitiesintheNortheast.Philadelphia'spopulationnearlydoubtedinthoseyears,reachingabout30,000in1774,NewYorkgrewatalmostthesamerate,reachingabout25,000by1775.
Thequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.ThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenpoorfarmcountry,andbythemid-eighteenthcenturyitwasvirtuallystrippedofitstimber.Theavailablefarmlandwasoccupied,therewaslittleintheregionbeyondthecitytoattractimmigrants.NewYorkandPhiladelphia,bycontrast,servedarichandfertilehinterlandlacedwithnavigablewatercourses.Scots,Irish,andGermanslandedinthesecitiesandfollowedtheriversinland.TheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiabecamethebreadbasketsofNorthAmerica,sendinggrainnotonlytoothercoloniesbutalsotoEnglandandsouthernEurope,wherecripplingdroughtsinthelate1760'screatedawholenewmarket.
托福阅读题目:
1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofNorthAmericaintheeighteenthcenturydoesthepassage
mainlydiscuss?
(A)Theeffectsofwaronthegrowthofcities
(B)Thegrowthandinfluenceofcities
(C)Thedeclineoffarminginareassurroundingcities
(D)Thecausesofimmigrationtocities
2.Whydoestheauthorsaythat"thecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentof
NorthAmerica"(lines1-2)?
(A)Theinfluenceofthecitieswasmostlynegative
(B)Thepopulationsofthecitiesweresmall,buttheirinfluencewasgreat.
(C)Thecitiesweregrowingatagreatrate.
(D)Mostpeoplepretendedtoliveincities
3.Thephrase"inplaceof"inlines4-5isclosestinmeaningto
(A)connectedto
(B)inadditionto
(C)becauseof
(D)insteadof
4.Theword"attendant"inline6isclosestinmeaningto
(A)avoidable
(B)accompanying
(C)unwelcome
(D)unexpected
5.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasanelementofmoderncapitalism?
(A)Opencompetition
(B)Socialdeference
(C)Socialhierarchy
(D)Independentcraftspeople
6.ItcanbeinferredthatincomparisonwithNorthAmericancities,citiesinEurope,theMiddle
East,andChinahad
(A)largepopulations
(B)littleindependence
(C)frequentsocialdisorder
(D)fewpowersources
7.Thephrase"exponentialleaps"inline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)longwars
(B)newlaws
(C)rapidincreases
(D)excitingchanges
8.Theword"it"inline15refersto
(A)population
(B)size
(C)Boston
(D)Year
9.HowmanyimmigrantsarrivedinNorthAmericabetween1760and1775?
(A)About16,000
(B)About25,000
(C)About30,000
(D)Morethan200,000
10.Theword"dictated"inline18isclosestinmeaningto
(A)spoiled
(B)reduced
(C)determined
(D)divided
11.Theword"virtually"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)usually
(B)hardly
(C)veryquickly
(D)almostcompletely
12.TheregionsurroundingNewYorkandPhiladelphiaiscontrastedwiththeregionsurrounding
Bostonintermsof
(A)qualityoffarmland
(B)originofimmigrants
(C)opportunitiesforfishing
(D)typeofgraingrown
13.WhydoestheauthordescribetheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiaas
"breadbaskets"?
(A)Theyproducedgrainespeciallyformakingbread.
(B)Theystoredlargequantitiesofgrainduringperiodsofdrought
(C)TheysuppliedgraintootherpartsofNorthAmericaandothercountries.
(D)TheyconsumedmoregrainthanalltheotherregionsofNorthAmerica.
托福阅读答案:
BBDBAACADCDAC
托福阅读文本:
ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearinEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.
Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarth'smagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheearthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfiled.
Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwinds,andforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind'schargedpar