高考英语语法知识概要.docx
《高考英语语法知识概要.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高考英语语法知识概要.docx(30页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
高考英语语法知识概要
语法知识要点提示
一、词性常识
1名词主要作主语、宾语、表语,有时也作定语;使用名词时必须考虑:
可数、不可数、单复数、谓语的数以及名词的搭配;可数名词须有数的标志,tenof所有格/限定词+名词。
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep,deer,series,means,works(工厂),fish,species,crossroads,aircraftli,yuan,jin
3
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
womensingers,menservants
总是不可数:
work(工作)newsinformationadviceprogressweatherequipmentfuncourageharmmilk
抽象名词(U),具体指某人或某事时(C)pleasurejoysurprisehonorkindnesssuccessfailuredifficultytroublewarmilkworrypity
惯用复数thanksapologiesregardswishescongratulationspains(功夫)respects(敬意;问候)
bythehour,bythedozen,bytheday,bytheyard,表示计量。
2、形容词主要修饰名词,说明名词的状态、特征,可作定语、表语、宾补,偶尔作状语,但仍然修饰名词或代词。
作定语的词序:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠具体为①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+②序数词+基数词+③一般性描绘形容词+④大小、长短、形状+
年龄、新旧+⑥颜色+⑦国籍、出处+⑧材料+⑨用途、类别+⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词
作定语的位置
A)well(健康),ill(生病)worth,sorry,sure,glad,fond,afraid,alone,asleep,alive,awake,ashamed,gone,unlikely,aware,due,content,unable等形容词一般不作前置定语
B)含义随其位置的不同而发生变化
thememberspresent (在座的)thepresentmember (现在的)
thepeopleconcerned(有关联的)aconcernedexpression(忧愁的)
thepeopleinvolved(被牵涉的)aninvolvedexpression(复杂的)
anabsentlook(茫然的)thepeopleabsent(缺席的)
induecourse(在适当时机)themeetingduetobegin(约定)
C)常作前置定语的形容词
theonlyreason(唯一的理由); aloneman(孤独的人)
acertainwinner(某一个胜利者);theexacttranslation(确切的翻译);
herveryson(她亲生的儿子); entireignorance(完全的无知);
acompletefool(十足的傻瓜);totalnonsense(完全是胡说八道);
arealhonor(真正的英雄);livebroadcast(实况转播)
woolencloth(呢料)awoodenhouse(木屋)
goldenhair金黄色的头发,“agoldensaying”(金玉良言)
goldenmemories 美好的回忆awoodensmile毫无表情的微笑
amedicalschool
D)定语后置的情况:
(1) 中心词是复合不定代词时
Tell me something interesting.告诉我一些有趣的事。
Is there anything special?
有什么特别的东西吗?
(2) 定语是形容词短语时
He is the man suitable for the job.他是适合作这项工作的人。
It's a problem difficult to solve.这是一个难以解决的问题。
现在分词作定语
A.现在分词作定语前置时静感强,而后置的现在分词动感强。
如:
Theworkingpeoplearethewisest.
Thefarmersworkinghereareverybusy.
过去分词作定语,前置表示状态
Heisanadvancedteacher.他是个先进教师。
做后置定语,表示完成和被动的动作
Thisisapicturepaintedbymyfather.
GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina
特殊句型
1)HeworksnoharderthanI.A与B都不………
2)HedoesnotworkharderthanI.A不如B
3)Therearenomorethansevenpeopleintheroom.仅仅,只有
4)Therearenotmorethansevenpeopleintheroom.不超过,至多
5)Musicismoreawayoflifethananinterest.是…而不是;与其…倒不如6)Mr.Zhangismorethanmyteacher,heisalsomybestfriend.不仅仅
7)The+比较级…….,the+比较级……..越……,越……
a)Themorebooksyouread,themoreknowledgeyouwillget.
b)Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.
8)Nolessthanthreepeopleofferedtobuyit至少
9)Heisnolessdiligentthanhewas.A与B一样…
10)Theworkismoreorlessfinished.基本上,大体上;大约
11)lessthansuccessful非常不worsethanuseless极为
3副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、及整个句子。
如:
personally,briefly,fortunately,hopefully,honestly,frankly,happily就常修饰整个句子。
No,any,some,much,still,even,yet,rather,alot,agreatdeal,many,alittle,abit,slightly,much,far,somewhat,byfar(前后均可),表示数量和倍数的词如twice等常修饰比较级。
(quitebetter属特例)
注意程度状语的位置Icouldn'tmoveastepfurther,
Themeetinglastedtwohourslongerthanusual.
HeisaheadtallerthanI.(也可说Heistallerthanmebyahead.)
Theygotthereearlierthanwebytwentyminutes.表“净”增减数
so/how/as/too可加adj/adv;加adj+a/an+单数可数名词;
加many/few/much/little+名词
注意搭配quiteimpossible/perfect/different/agree/understand/right/positively,absolutelyimpossible
takesth.personally认为某事针对自己而不悦(tobeoffendedbysth)
4介词之后通常接名词、代词、v-ing、wh-词引导的名词性从句。
注意下列几点
有时介词+副词:
fromabroad/above/where,sincethen,untilrecently,untilverylate等。
有时介词+介词短语frombehindthetree.untilaftertheexam
Allthequestionsarecorrectexceptforthelastone.
偶接adj如farfromprefect
接句子inthat“因为由于既然”,“在…方面”
A)Unfortunately,kidsincontemporarysocietyarerobbedoftheirinnocenceinthatasizablepercentageofchildrenareforcedtoparticipateinagreatvarietyofartclasses.
TheChineselanguagediffersfromWesternlanguagesinthat,insteadofanalphabet,itusescharacterswhichstandforideas,objectsordeeds
B)Hisreportiscorrectexceptthatsomedetailsareomitted.
C)MostoftheChinesepeopleusuallygotoworkonthebikeexceptwhenitrains.
D)IknownothingaboutitexceptwhatIhavereadinthepapers.
But/except:
“前有后无”指but前有实义动词do,后面接的不定式不带to。
如:
Hecoulddonothingbutwait.
Hewantednothingbuthaveagoodsleep.
另外cannotbut/cannothelpbut/cannotchoosebut(不得不,只好)均接动词原形。
不用任何介词表示时间的名词前有one,any,each,every,some,all,this,that,next,last,yesterday,tomorrow,thesedays等。
复合介词及分词介词
Concerning=withregardto,including,inviewof,inspiteif,regardlessof,given(that),considering(介词,连词),regarding
by表“净”增减数;amongotherthings“还有”...;
二、句法常识
1)句子的基本成分有:
主干成分主语、谓语、宾语;修饰成分定语、状语、补足语
2)五个基本句型:
主谓;主谓宾;主谓宾宾;主谓宾+宾补;主系表。
3)句子与句子之间有并列关系,常用and,but,or,so,otherwise,(n)either…(n)or…,notonly…butalso…表示;或主从关系,表现为主句+从句,即状语从句、定语从句和名词从句。
若句子的另一部分无谓语,应视为短语,短语只能修饰句子,绝不能与句子并列。
故决定了下列的表达方式:
从句——有谓语——句首有连接词;
短语——无谓语——句首无连接词,句中指代用普通代词(it/its/them/that/those等)
模式一:
简单句and简单句变体(简单句and主从复合句或主从复合句and简单句)。
模式二:
主句被从句修饰或从句修饰主句。
模式三:
短语修饰句子或句子被短语修饰。
从句有三个共性:
即句首有连接词,用陈述语序,与主句与从句在时态上呼应。
Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,andnoneof____wereshippedtoforeigncountries.And表示并列关系,句中无需其他连接词表示句与句之间的关系,故空白处填普通代词
Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,noneof____wereshippedtoforeigncountries.
主从关系,后面的从句修饰前面的主句,所以空白处填有修饰功能的which。
Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,noneof____shipped(过去分词)toforeigncountries.
句子被短语修饰,所以不再使用有修饰功能的连接词,故空白处填普通代词
A.themB.whichC.itD.what
Therewasagardenthere,____ownerseatedinitplayingbridgeswithhiskids.
A.whoseB.itsC.it’sD.with
4)主语是句子所要说明的人或事物,是一句的主体;宾语主要指动作的对象或动作的承受者。
通常均由名词、代词、数词、the+adj、动名词、不定式、名词性从句担任;
5)谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的,通常由动词、动词短语担任,后面常接宾语或状语;vt动词必须带宾语,vt动词之后无宾语时必须用被动。
谓语的形式见下表:
态时
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般
ask/asks
asked
shall/willask
should/wouldask
进行
am/is/areasking
was/wereasking
shall/willbeasking
should/wouldbeasking
完成
have/hasasked
hadasked
shall/willhaveasked
should/wouldhaveasked
完成进行
have/hasbeenasking
hadbeenasking
shall/willhavebeenasking
should/wouldhavebeenasking
(1)接不定式作宾补的常用动词:
advisesb.todosth.建议某人做某事
allowpermitforbidaskbegrequirerequestinvitegetcauseforcewarntellcommandorderdrivechooseencourageexpecthatehelpintendleavelikemeanobligepersuadepreferremindteachtraintroublewantwish
词组类appealtosbtodosth.waitfor,longfor,dependon,relyon,counton
(2)6123句式;
(3)接动名词的动词口诀;
(4)“吾看三室两厅一感觉”动词在主动态及被动态中的用法;
(5)accusesb.ofsth.控告某人犯某事(罪),指责某人做某事,符合这一搭配的其他动词还有:
convincesuspectcheatcureinformremindridrobwarnemptyclearmydeskofpapers
(6)blamesb.fordoingsth.指责某人做某事,符合这一搭配的其他动词还有:
rewardpraise
criticizeforgiveexcusepardonpunishscoldthankadmireremember
(7)可用于“动词+sb+intodoingsth”的常见动词
cheatsb.intodoingsth.trickfoolforcearguetalkterrifyfrightenpersuade
(8)带to(doing)sth.的常用结构:
admitto,addupto,belongto,contributeto,objectto,referto,leadto,attendto,seeto,turnto,payattentionto,devote…to,prefer…to…,doharm/good/wrongto,be/get/becomeused/accustomedto,bereducedto,datebackto,getdownto,lookforwardto,keepcloseto,holdonto,faceupto(勇于正视,面临),trustto(luck,fate,fortune,依靠(运气等);任凭自然发展),taketo(开始喜欢;开始从事,形成…的习惯),applyto(适用于),submitto屈服,limitsth.to,applyoneselftodoingsth.(专心致力),Signingthisformcommitsyoutobuyingthegoods.你签此表格後就一定要买这批货.setone’smindtodoingsth.(决心做某事),beequaltodoingsth.(等于,能胜任),beopposedto反对,beexposedto,cometo(共计为;达到某种状态),stickto(坚持),
(9)动词+sb.+withsth.
provide,supply,present提交,fit安装,equip配备,stockashopwithgoods向商店供货,
(10)动词+sb.+from(doing)sth.
discouragestoppreventprohibitkeepbanprotectsavedefendfreereleaseexcuse(使…免于)hidebar
Theymaybeexcused(fromdoing)thisexercise.他们可以免做这一练习.
(11)动词+宾语+v-ingThechildisreportedmissing.
getkeepsendsetleavehavecatchwatchseenoticehearobservefeelfindstart
(12)动词+宾语+名词宾补
appointelectnamecallmakefindfeelthinkvotewish/leave/think/consider/judge(认为)count/imagine
(13)动词+宾语+adj
Getkeepleavefindfeelthinkconsiderhavemakeholdpaintwish
6)当主语后有多个动词时,若按时间顺序发生,则表达为:
谓语1,谓语2,…+and/but+谓语n(并列谓语)。
若多个动词几乎同时发生,则表达为:
谓语1,谓语2,…+and/but+谓语n+非谓语1,非谓语2…and+非谓语n(谓语+非谓语)。
如:
Hecamerunning.
Theprofessorputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.
谓语1,谓语2,and+谓语3+非谓语
7)thereisnochance/possibilitythat…;Thereisnoneedtodosth.;
thereisnodoubtthat从句或astosth.thereisa/nopointindoingsth
There'snoexcuseforsuchbehaviour区别主语从句itisnowonder/usethat….
thereisa/nosenseindoingsth
Therebe句型的变化
Thereisgoingtobe…主语.
Theredoesn