博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文.docx

博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文.docx

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博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文

博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文

KeytotheExercises

UnitOneScience

Text1CanWeReallyUnderstandMatter?

I.Vocabulary

1.A2.B3.A4.C5.D6.B7.B8.C

II.Definition

1.Apriority2.Momentum3.Animplication4.Polarization

5.thedistancethatlighttravelsinayear,about5.88trillionmilesor9.46trillionkm.

6.acontradictoryorabsurdstatementthatexpressesapossibletruth

7.adevicethatspeedsupchargedelementaryparticlesorionstohighenergies

III.Mosaic

1.Thestress:

（Omitted）

Pronunciationrule:

AnEnglishwordendedwith–tionor–sionhasitsstressonthelastsyllablebutone.

2.molecule

3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.A

IV.Translation

A.（RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation）

B.InSeptember1995,anti-hydrogenatom—ananti-matteratom—wassuccessfullydevelopedinEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratoryinSwitzerland.Afterthestartlingnewsspreadout,scientistsintheWestwhowereindulgedintheresearchofanti-matterweregreatlyexcited.Whiletheywereattemptingtoproduceandstoreanti-matterastheenergyforspacecraft,theyraisedanewquestion:

Manyofthemysteriousnuclearexplosionsintherecentonehundredyearsareconnectedwithanti-matter.Thatistosay,thesehard-to-explainexplosionsaretricksplayedbyanti-matter.Theyarethe“destruction”phenomenoncausedbytheimpactbetweenmatterandanti-matter.

V.Grouping

A.Uncertainty:

whatif,illusory,indescribable,puzzle,speculation,seemingly,insomemysteriousway

B.Contrast:

moredaunting,thehardestofhardsciences,dolittletodiscourage,fromafar,closescrutiny,workamazinglywell

C.ApplicationsofQuantummechanics:

themomentumofachargingelephant,buildingimprovedgyroscopes

1.probabilities2.illusory3.discourage4.scrutiny

VI.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

（Omitted）

Writing•Strategy•Definition

I.Completethefollowingdefinitionswiththehelpofdictionaries.

1.Tobribemeanstoinfluencethebehaviororjudgmentofothers（usuallyinpositionsofpower）unfairlyorillegallybyofferingthemfavorsorgifts.

2.Gravityisdefinedasthenaturalforcebywhichobjectsareattractedtoeachother,especiallythatbywhichalargemasspullsasmalleronetoit.

3.ThemillenniumbugreferstothecomputerglitchthatarisesfromaninabilityofthesoftwaretodealcorrectlywithdatesofJanuary2000orlater.

4.Globalizationisunderstoodasthedevelopmentsoastomakepossibleinternationalinfluenceoroperation.

II.Writeaone-paragraphdefinitionofthefollowingwords.

1.hypothesis

Ahypothesisisanideawhichissuggestedasapossiblewayofexplainingfacts,provinganargument,etc.Throughexperiments,thehypothesisiseitheracceptedastrue（possiblywithimprovements）orcastoff.

2.science

Scienceisdefinedastheintellectualandpracticalactivityencompassingthesystematicstudyofthestructureandbehaviorofthephysicalandnaturalworldthroughobservationandexperiment.

3.superstition

Superstitionreferstoabeliefwhichisnotbasedonreasonorfactbutonoldideasaboutluck,magic,etc.Forexample,itisacommonsuperstitionthatblackcatsareunlucky.

4.pessimism

Pessimismisatendencytogivemoreattentiontothebadsideofasituationortoexpecttheworstpossibleresult.Apersonwithpessimismisapessimistwhothinksthatwhateverhappensisbad.

5.individualism

Individualismistheideathattherightsandfreedomoftheindividualarethemostimportantrightsinasociety.Ithasabadsenseinthatlittleattentionispaidtotherightsofthecollectiveoragoodoneinthatindependenceisemphasizedratherthandependenceonothers.

Text2PhysicsAwaitsNewOptionsasStandardModelIdles

I.Vocabulary

1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.D8.B

II.Definition

1.Arefrain2.Aspark3.Ajingle4.Symmetry

5.developsorstudiestheoriesorideasaboutaparticularsubject.

6.studiestheoriginandnatureoftheuniverse.

7.studiesthestarsandplanetsusingscientificequipmentincludingtelescopes.

III.Mosaic

1.gravity2.anti-/opposite

3.D4.B5.A6.A7.B8.A

IV.Translation

A.（RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation）

B.TheStandardModelofparticlephysicsisanunfinishedpoem.Mostofthepiecesarethere,andevenunfinished,itisarguablythemostbrilliantopusintheliteratureofphysics.Withgreatprecision,itdescribesallknownmatter–allthesubatomicparticlessuchasquarksandleptons–aswellastheforcesbywhichthoseparticlesinteractwithoneanother.Theseforcesareelectromagnetism,whichdescribeshowchargedobjectsfeeleachother’sinfluence:

theweakforce,whichexplainshowparticlescanchangetheiridentities,andthestrongforce,whichdescribeshowquarkssticktogethertoformprotonsandothercompositeparticles.ButaslovelyastheStandardModel’sdescriptionis,itisinpieces,andsomeofthosepieces–thosethatdescribegravity–aremissing.Itisafewshardsofbeautythathintatsomethinggreater,likeafewlinesofSapphoonafragmentofpapyrus.

V.Grouping

A.Particlephysics:

supersymmetry,equation,superpartners,string

B.Strangeness:

bizarre,beyondthekenof

C.Antonyms:

gravity–antigravity

1.novelty2.revelatory3.Symmetry4.gravity

VII.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

（Omitted）

Writing•Strategy•ExemplificationandIllustration

（Omitted）

Text3SupportingScience

I.Vocabulary

1.D2.C3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.A9.C10.D11.B12.A

II.Definition

1.Aportfolio2.Avista3.Cryptography4.Paleontology

5.abusinessoranundertakingthathasrecentlybegunoperation

6.agroupofpeoplehavingcommoninterests

7.apersonwithseniormanagerialresponsibilityinabusinessorganization

III.Rhetoric

1.pouringmoneyinto2.column3.unbridled4.twilight5.blossomedinto

IV.Mosaic

1.phenomenoncriteriondatummedium

（becausethesewordsoriginatedfromLatinandretaintheirLatinpluralform）

2.A3.A4.B5.B6.B7.C8.B

V.Translation

A.（RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation）

B.Thefivescientistswhowonthe1996NobelPrizepointoutthatthepresentprosperityanddevelopmentarebasedonthefruitsofbasicscientificresearchandthenegligenceofbasicscientificresearchwillthreatenhumandevelopmentofthe21stcentury.

EUcountriesnoticedthatoneoftheirweaknessesis“insufficientinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment.”KoreaandSingaporedonothesitatetopourmoneyintoresearchanddevelopment.ThedevelopedcountriesintheWesthaveusedmostofthescientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentresourcesfortheresearchanddevelopmentofnewandhightechnology.Thishasbecomeanobvioustrendatpresent.Itisevidentfromtheexperiencesofvariouscountriesthatnewandhightechnologycancreateandformnewindustries,openupandsetupnewmarkets.Theinnovationoftraditionalindustrieswithnewandhightechnologyisakeymethodtostrengthenthecompetitivecompetencyofanenterprise.

VI.Grouping:

A.Negligenceofbasicresearch:

corporatebreakups,cutbackonresearch,ignoreit,subjecttoaprotracteddissectionandreview,second-guessing,droppeddramatically,subjectedtoascrutiny,skirkingoursupport

B.Significantexamplesofbasicresearch:

computing,biotechnology,theInternet,numbertheory,complexanalysis,codingtheory,cryptography,dinosaurpaleontology,geneticsresearch）

C.Waystointensifyarguments:

movedsupportforsciencefroma“wanttohave”squarelyintothe“needtohave”column

1.resounding2.second-guessing3.downsized4.subjected

VII.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

（Omitted）

Writing•Strategy•Comparison,Contrast,andAnalogy

（Omitted）

Text4WhyMustScientistsBecomeMoreEthicallySensitiveThanTheyUsedtoBe?

I.Vocabulary

1.B2.B3.A4.C5.B6.D7.D8.A9.D10.B11.B12.D

II.Definition

1.Aconstraint2.Algorithm3.Aprerequisite4.Ethics

5.animportanttopicorproblemfordebateordiscussion

6.aperson’sprinciplesorstandardsofbehaviour;one’sjudgementofwhatisimportantinlife.

7.aformalplanputforwardforconsiderationtocarryoutaproject

III.Rhetoric

1.brushedunderthecarpet2.smell3.handsandbrains

4.battlefront5.module...module

IV.Mosaic

1./z//s//s//z//s/

/s//iz//z//s//z/

/iz//z//s//z//z/

/z//s//s//z//z/

/s/aftervoicelessconsonants

/z/aftervoicedconsonants

/iz/afterawordendedwith–es

2.B3.D4.A5.D6.A7.C

V.Translation

A.（RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation）

B.Scientistsandmedicalethicistsadvocatetheprohibitionofhumancloningasawaytoproducelife.Theyallagreethathumancloningexertsseverethreatsonhumandignity.Socialcriticspointoutthatclonedchildrenwilllackpersonalityandnoumenon.G.Annas,professorofhealthlawsinBostonuniversity,pointsoutthat“humancloningshouldbebannedbecauseitmayfundamentallyalterthedefinitionofourselves.”

VI.Grouping:

A.Thechangeofattitudestowardsethicalconsideration:

occupymediaslotsandSundaysupplements,latestbattlefront,cannolongerbesweptaside,moresensitive

B.Academicscience:

aworldwideinstitutionalweb,peerreview,respectforpriorityofdiscovery,comprehensivecitationoftheliterature,meritocraticpreferment,smuggleethicalconsiderationsfromprivatelife,frompolitics,fromreligion,fromsheerhumanitariansympathy

C.Industrialscience:

intimatelyinvolvedinthebusinessofdailylife

D.Post-academicscience:

asuccessionof“projects”,compoundmoralriskswithfinancialrisks,largelytheworkofteamsofscient