Digital Image Processing.pdf

Digital Image Processing.pdf

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DigitalImageProcessingRafaelC.GonzalezUniversityofTennesseeRichardE.WoodsInterapptics330HudsonStreet,NewYork,NY10013SeniorVicePresidentCoursewarePortfolioManagement:

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RichardE.WoodsCopyright2018,2008byPearsonEducation,Inc.Hoboken,NJ07030.Allrightsreserved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thispublicationisprotectedbycopyrightandpermissionsshouldbeobtainedfromthepublisherpriortoanyprohibitedreproduction,storageinaretrievalsystem,ortransmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise.Forinformationregardingpermissions,requestformsandtheappropriatecontactswithinthePearsonEducationGlobalRights&Permissionsdepartment,pleasevisitofthedesignationsbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andthepublisherwasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedininitialcapsorallcaps.Theauthorandpublisherofthisbookhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook.Theseeffortsincludethedevelopment,research,andtestingoftheoriesandprogramstodeterminetheireffectiveness.Theauthorandpublishermakenowarrantyofanykind,expressedorimplied,withregardtotheseprogramsorthedocumentationcontainedinthisbook.Theauthorandpublishershallnotbeliableinanyeventforincidentalorconsequentialdamageswith,orarisingoutof,thefurnishing,performance,oruseoftheseprograms.PearsonEducationLtd.,LondonPearsonEducationSingapore,Pte.LtdPearsonEducationCanada,Inc.PearsonEducationJapanPearsonEducationAustraliaPTY,LtdPearsonEducationNorthAsia,Ltd.,HongKongPearsonEducationdeMexico,S.A.deC.V.PearsonEducationMalaysia,Pte.Ltd.PearsonEducation,Inc.,HobokenMATLABisaregisteredtrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.,1AppleHillDrive,Natick,MA01760-2098.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataNames:

Gonzalez,RafaelC.,author.|Woods,RichardE.（RichardEugene）,author.Title:

DigitalImageProcessing/RafaelC.Gonzalez,UniversityofTennessee,RichardE.Woods,Interapptics.Description:

NewYork,NY:

Pearson,2018|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.Identifiers:

LCCN2017001581|ISBN9780133356724Subjects:

LCSH:

Imageprocessing-Digitaltechniques.Classification:

LCCTA1632.G662018|DDC621.36/7-dc23LCrecordavailableathttps:

/lccn.loc.gov/2017001581116ISBN-10:

0-13-335672-8ISBN-13:

ContentsCoverTitlePageCopyrightDedicationPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsxiiiTheBookWebsitexivTheDIP4ESupportPackagesxivAbouttheAuthorsxv1Introduction1WhatisDigitalImageProcessing?

2TheOriginsofDigitalImageProcessing3ExamplesofFieldsthatUseDigitalImageProcessing7FundamentalStepsinDigitalImageProcessing25ComponentsofanImageProcessingSystem282DigitalImageFundamentals31ElementsofVisualPerception32LightandtheElectromagneticSpectrum38ImageSensingandAcquisition41ImageSamplingandQuantization47SomeBasicRelationshipsBetweenPixels63IntroductiontotheBasicMathematicalToolsUsedinDigitalImageProcessing673IntensityTransformationsandSpatialFiltering133Background134SomeBasicIntensityTransformationFunctions136HistogramProcessing147FundamentalsofSpatialFiltering177Smoothing（Lowpass）SpatialFilters188Sharpening（Highpass）SpatialFilters199Highpass,Bandreject,andBandpassFiltersfromLowpassFilters212CombiningSpatialEnhancementMethods216UsingFuzzyTechniquesforIntensityTransformationsandSpatialFiltering2174FilteringintheFrequencyDomain249Background250PreliminaryConcepts253SamplingandtheFourierTransformofSampledFunctions261TheDiscreteFourierTransformofOneVariable271ExtensionstoFunctionsofTwoVariables276SomePropertiesofthe2-DDFTandIDF286TheBasicsofFilteringintheFrequencyDomain306ImageSmoothingUsingLowpassFrequencyDomainFilters318ImageSharpeningUsingHighpassFilters330SelectiveFiltering342TheFastFourierTransform3495ImageRestorationandReconstruction365AModeloftheImageDegradation/Restorationprocess366NoiseModels366RestorationinthePresenceofNoiseOnlySpatialFiltering375PeriodicNoiseReductionUsingFrequencyDomainFiltering388Linear,Position-InvariantDegradations396EstimatingtheDegradationFunction400InverseFiltering404MinimumMeanSquareError（Wiener）Filtering406ConstrainedLeastSquaresFiltering411GeometricMeanFilter415ImageReconstructionfromProjections4166WaveletandOtherImageTransforms451Preliminaries452Matrix-basedTransforms454Correlation466BasisFunctionsintheTime-FrequencyPlane467BasisImages471Fourier-RelatedTransforms472Walsh-HadamardTransforms484SlantTransform488HaarTransform490WaveletTransforms4927ColorImageProcessing529ColorFundamentals530ColorModels535PseudocolorImageProcessing550BasicsofFull-ColorImageProcessing559ColorTransformations560ColorImageSmoothingandSharpening572UsingColorinImageSegmentation575NoiseinColorImages582ColorImageCompression5858ImageCompressionandWatermarking595Fundamentals596HuffmanCoding609GolombCoding612ArithmeticCoding617LZWCoding620Run-lengthCoding622Symbol-basedCoding628Bit-planeCoding631BlockTransformCoding632PredictiveCoding650WaveletCoding670DigitalImageWatermarking6809MorphologicalImageProcessing693Preliminaries694ErosionandDilation696OpeningandClosing702TheHit-or-MissTransform706SomeBasicMorphologicalAlgorithms710MorphologicalReconstruction725SummaryofMorphologicalOperationsonBinaryImages731GrayscaleMorphology73210ImageSegmentationI761Fundamentals762Point,Line,andEdgeDetection763Thresholding804SegmentationbyRegionGrowingandbyRegionSplittingandMerging826RegionSegmentationUsingClusteringandSuperpixels832TheUseofMotioninSegmentation85911ImageSegmentationIIActiveContours:

SnakesandLevelSets877Background878ImageSegmentationUsingSnakes878SegmentationUsingLevelSets90212FeatureExtraction953Background954BoundaryPreprocessing956BoundaryFeatureDescriptors973RegionFeatureDescriptors982PrincipalComponentsasFeatureDescriptors1001Whole-ImageFeatures1010Scale-InvariantFeatureTransform（SIFT）102313ImagePatternClassification1049Background1050PatternsandPatternClasses1052PatternClassificationbyPrototypeMatching1056Optimum（Bayes）StatisticalClassifiers1069NeuralNetworksandDeepLearning1077DeepConvolutionalNeuralNetworks1110SomeAdditionalDetailsofImplementation1133Bibiography1143Index1157ToConnie,Ralph,andRobandToJanice,David,andJonathanPrefaceWhensomethingcanbereadwithouteffort,greatefforthasgoneintoitswriting.EnriqueJardielPoncelaThiseditionofDigitalImageProcessingisamajorrevisionofthebook.Asinthe1977and1987editionsbyGonzalezandWintz,andthe1992,2002,and2008editionsbyGonzalezandWoods,thissixth-generationeditionwaspreparedwithstudentsandinstructorsinmind.Theprincipalobjectivesofthebookcontinuetobetoprovideanintroductiontobasicconceptsandmethodologiesapplicabletodigitalimageprocessing,andtodevelopafoundationthatcanbeusedasthebasisforfurtherstudyandresearchinthisfield.Toachievetheseobjectives,wefocusedagainonmaterialthatwebelieveisfundamentalandwhosescopeofapplicationisnotlimitedtothesolutionofspecializedproblems.Themathematicalcomplexityofthebookremainsatalevelwellwithinthegraspofcollegeseniorsandfirst-yeargraduatestudentswhohaveintroductorypreparationinmathematicalanalysis,vectors,matrices,probability,statistics,linearsystems,andcomputerprogramming.Thebookwebsiteprovidestutorialstosupportreadersneedingareviewofthisbackgroundmaterial.Oneoftheprincipalreasonsthisbookhasbeentheworldleaderinitsfieldfor40yearsisthelevelofattentionwepaytothechangingeducationalneedsofourreaders.Thepresenteditionisbasedonanextensivesurveythatinvolvedfaculty,students,andindependentreadersofthebookin150institutionsfrom30countries.Thesurveyrevealedaneedforcoverageofnewmaterialthathasmaturedsincethelasteditionofthebook.Theprincipalfindingsofthesurveyindicatedaneedfor:

Newmaterialrelatedtohistogrammatching.Expandedcoverageofthefundamentalsofspatialfiltering.Amorecomprehensiveandcohesivecoverageofimagetransforms.Amorecompletepresentationoffinitedifferences,withafocusonedgedetection.Adiscussionofclustering,superpixels,andtheiruseinregionsegmentation.Newmaterialonactivecontoursthatincludessnakesandlevelsets,andtheiruseinimagesegmentation.Coverageofmaximallystableextremalregions.ExpandedcoverageoffeatureextractiontoincludetheScaleInvariantFeatureTransform（SIFT）.Expandedcoverageofneuralnetworkstoincludedeepneuralnetworks,back-propagation,deeplearning,and,especially,deepconvolutionalneuralnetworks.Morehomeworkproblemsattheendofthechapters.MATLABcomputerprojects.Thenewandreorganizedmaterialthatresultedinthepresenteditionisourattemptatprovidingareasonablebalancebetweenrigor,cl