英语语法(01语法层次).pptx

英语语法(01语法层次).pptx

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WhatisGrammarthewholesystemandstructureofalanguageoroflanguagesingeneral,usuallytakenasconsistingofsyntaxandmorphology（includinginflections）andsometimesalsophonologyandsemantics.-OxfordonlinedictionarySimplerput:

Grammaristhesystemofalanguage.Peoplesometimesdescribegrammarastherulesofalanguage;butinfactnolanguagehasrules.Ifweusethewordrules,wesuggestthatsomebodycreatedtherulesfirstandthenspokethelanguage,likeanewgame.Butlanguagesdidnotstartlikethat.Languagesstartedbypeoplemakingsoundswhichevolvedintowords,phrasesandsentences.Nocommonly-spokenlanguageisfixed.Alllanguageschangeovertime.Whatwecallgrammarissimplyareflectionofalanguageataparticulartime.Unit1:

LevelsofEnglishGrammarIssuesofthisunit:

Levelsofgrammarunitsmorpheme,word,phrase,clauses学习内容预告：

本单元之后，请预习：

第4、5讲：

名词和名词词组、名词属格Thesubjectofthiscourse:

Languagesystem:

Soundsystem,forphonology（音系学）Meaningsystem,forsemantics（语义学）Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules.DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:

（DiscourseText）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorphemeA）Morphemes（词素）EnglishmorphemeFreemorpheme（自由词素）Boundmorpheme（粘附词素）e.g.mantakefriendlucke.g.im-ypre-ess（asroots,stems，词根、词干）（asaffixes，词缀）Affixes：

（词缀的结构分类）1prefix（前缀）：

pre-war,antibody,impossible2suffix（后缀）：

careful,farmer,nicely,homely3infix（中缀）：

footfeet,statesman词缀的功能分类：

一些词缀是句法性的（syntactic），如：

-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix（屈折词缀）；其他如：

-s-ed-est”另一些词缀则是语义性的（semantic），例如：

-er作为名词词尾，表示“onewho”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix（派生词缀）”Next,letslookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords.（Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.）1）ExamplesofPrefixes:

a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apoliticalbi-/two/bicycle,bilateral形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀：

（词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：

com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combinecontractcolleaguecorrespondcooperation形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：

im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,income,illustration,irrigationim-,in-,il-,ir-/not/（通常为名词、动词）impossible,inconvinent,illegal,irresponsible（通常为形容词）反义词缀：

inter-/between/international,interpersonal,intra-,intro-/within/intragroup,introductionsub-/under/submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonic,superpower反义词缀：

macro-/big/macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/microcontrol,microeconomy同义、近义词缀：

anti-/against/antisocial,antifascistcontra-/against/contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/counteract,counterpart,同义、近义词缀：

demi-/ahalforapartof/demi-godsemi-/half,partly/semiconductor,semifinal,hemispherefore-/before,infrontof/forehead,forerunnerpre-/before/prewar,prepare,preschool2）ExamplesofSuffixes:

有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义：

-ness/addedtoadjectivestoformnouns/carelessness,goodness,laziness,-sumption/nounformforverbsendedwith-ume/assumption,consumption,resumptionassumeassumption有些后缀则既有句法意义，也有语义意义：

-able,-ible/adj.capableof,fitfor/eatable,considerable,sizable,feasible有些后缀具有不同的意义（例如相反意义）：

-er,-or,-eer/n.onewho/interviewer,employer,operator,actor,engineer-ee/n.onewho（usu.inpassivesense）/interviewee,employee,testee3）ExamplesofStems:

-anim-/spirit/animal,unanimous-aqua-/water/aquaticsports,aquarium-auto-/self/autobiography,automobile-cap-,-capit-/head,chief/capital,captain,-dict-/say,speak/dictation,dictionary,contradiction-son-/sound/consonant,resonant,ultrasonic小贴士：

词根的典故：

Cesar:

Veni,Vidi,Vinci!

-ven-,-vent-/come/intervene,prevent,convention-vid-,-vis-/see/visualize,vision,vista-vinc-,-van-/conquer/victory,invincible,vanquish,vanityJustasmallquiz,beforewegoon:

Doyouknowthesewordsandifnot,canyoufigureouttheirmeanings:

netizenultramodernretrospecttransplantNowletsgotothenextlevelofgrammar：

thewordlevel.B）Words:

TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsoffunction（按功能分）Closedclasswords（封闭类词，虚词）Openclasswords（开放类词，实词）Closedclasswords（functionwords,封闭类词，虚词）这类词无词形变化，数量小Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliaryandinthetheyshallOpenclasswords（contentwords,开放类词，实词）noun,adjective,adverb,mainverb,numerals（cardinal,ordinal）这类词有词形变化，数量很大boyboysgoodthreethirtyborrowbestborrowedborrowingTypesofEnglishWordsIntermsofstructure（按结构分）1）simplewords（简单词）2）derivativewords（派生词）3）compoundwords（复合词）1）Simpleword（简单词）Alsocalled“morphemeword，单词素词”（不能再分为更小的词素）e.g.:

foot,head,car,near,by,in2）Derivatives（派生词）：

Formedby:

stem+affixese.g.:

uncover;harmless;education【e-duc-at-ion】Review:

Syntacticaffixes:

Semanticaffixes:

worked,redden,gracefulsuperman,cooker,antibody须注意：

syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的，句法性词缀也可能有语义价值：

employervs.employeetrainervs.traineeinterviewervs.interviewee而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性：

beautifulvs.handfulpsychotic/neuroticantibiotic/armymedic3）Compounds（复合词）：

InEnglish,manywordsareformedbycombiningtwoormorewordstogetherandthesewordsarecalledcompoundwords.Contentwordssuchasnouns,verbsandadjectivescanallbeformedinthisfashion.Compounding:

thecombinationofdifferentwordsorwordpartstoformanewword:

A）CompoundNouns:

n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-filmpron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-mann.+v.v.+n.a.+n.sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cutscarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoatgreenhouse,red-tape,busybodyB）CompoundAdjectives:

a.+n.+ed.smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosedn.+v.+ed.heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfeltn.+v.+ing.peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-findingn.+a.blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,homesicka.+n.high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-handa.+a.bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hotv.+a.failsafe,diehard,talk-bigprep.+n.indoor,overhead,aboveboard,onlinehyphenconj.out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-seeC）CompoundVerbs:

adv.+v.toovertake,touplift,touproot,tounderline,todownplay,touploadn.+n.tobrainstorm,tostreamline,todog-ear,towindsurf,toshowcasen.+v.toair-drop,toeavesdrop,tobreastfeed,tonose-dive,tomasterminda.+v.tosafeguard,towhitewash,toblindfoldJustasmallquiz,beforewegoon:

Canyoufigureoutthemeaningsofthesecompounds:

think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisherhalf-hearted,honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fittingtocold-shoulder,tomass-produceTheanswertothequiz:

think-tank（智库）,kill-joy（扫兴的人/事）,apple-polisher（马屁精）half-hearted（不热心的）,honey-mouthed（甜言蜜语的）,far-reaching（影响深远的）,ill-fitting（不合身的）tocold-shoulder（让吃闭门羹）,tomass-produce（规模化生产/批量生产）Otherpatternsofwordformation：

TherearealsootherwaystoformEnglishwords,whichconstituteseveralpatternsofEnglishword-formation.Next,letstakealookatthesepatterns.PatternI.Phrase-hyphen,mostofthewordsformedthiswayareadjectives:

adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dontchoiceanot-so-strongteam;theno-war,no-peacestalemate;thecards-on-the-tableapproach;theends-justify-meansphilosophy;Alsonouns,suchas：

forget-me-notPatternII.Conversions,theshiftofthepartsofspeechofaword:

n.v.toknife,tohouse,towater,toeyeball,towineanddinev.n.givesomebodyapush,thisyearspick,acheat,togiveitarethinka.n.theold,therich,theaccused,throughthickandthin,PatternIII.Blending,themergeofwordpartstoformanewword:

head+ending:

smog,motel,heliport,brunchword+ending:

workaholic,lunarnauthead+word:

medicare,psywar,cyberpolicehead+head:

comsat,AmerindPatternIV.Clipping,removingsomepartofawordtomakeitshorterwhilekeepingthemeaning:

A:

tail-clipping:

ad,lab,math,gym,biz,bikeB:

head-clipping:

shute,phon,plane,quakeC:

headandtailclipping:

fridge,flu,tecPatternV.Acronym,theformationofanewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase:

radar:

radiodetectingandranginglaser:

light-waveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationAIDS:

acquiredimmunitydeficiencysyndrome知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗：

UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEANPatternVI.Formationofwordsfrompropernouns:

watt,hertz,volt,ampere,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Reaganomics,ThatcherismtoclintontolewenskiNext,letsgotothenextlevelofgrammar：

thephraselevel.C）Phrases（短语、词组）PhrasesofEnglishPrepPNPVPAdjPAdvP“P”means“phrase”.1.NP（nounphrase名词短语）：

中心语为名词（det.）+（modifier）+Noun+（modifier）e.g.:

alazyboystillasleeptheearthquakeofRichtermagnitude7withtheepicenteratYaanthehottesthotpotthatIhaveevertastedsinceIcametoSichuanNPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

deadpresidentsweatwaterblinddatehandwritingonthewalldrygoodsNPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

deadpresident：

美钞sweatwater：

淡水blinddate：

男女初次会面（他人安排）handwritingonthewall：

不祥之兆drygoods：

（美）纺织品；（英）谷物2.VP（verbphrase动词短语）：

中心语为动词simpleVP:

MainVerb+（modifier）e.g.:

IhateEnglishgrammarplexVP:

Auxiliary+MainVerb+（mod.）e.g.:

Isleptawaytheclass.IwouldhavebeentoWenchuanasavolunteerworker,ifIhadnothadtogotoschoolnow.FiniteVP:

（affectedbytense,orperson）e.g.:

Theboyeatsthestone.Theboyatethestone.Theboyshaveeatenthestone.InfiniteVP:

（unaffectedbytense,orperson）e.g.:

YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.Kissedbymosquitoes,Ifeel/feltitchy.VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

topulloneslegtobringdownthehousetoknockonessocksoffHeiseasilytakenin.Seethefollowingpagefortheanswers.VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

topullonesleg：

开某人的玩笑tobringdownthehouse：

震耳欲聋的声响topulluponessocks：

鼓起勇气Heiseasilytakenin.：

他极易上当受骗。

3.AdjP（adjectivephrase形容词短语）：

（modifier）+Adjective+（compliment）e.g.:

TheCollegeEntranceExaminationsofthisyearwereextremelyeasy.Englishgrammarlearningistooboringtobeenjoyable.Iammorethanhappytoacceptyourinvitationtodinner.4.AdvP（adverbphrase副词短语）：

（modifier）+Adverb+（modifier）e.g.:

WelivefarawayfromdowntownChengdu.Goodtablemannermeansthatyouhavetoeatinsuchawaythatnonoiseemits.5.PrepP（prepositionalphrase介词短语）：

（modifier）+preposition+complimente.g.:

Dontbeagiantofwords,butadwarfofdeeds.Boysrevolvearoundgirls,justliketheEartharoundtheSun.D）