定语从句汇总讲解与经典习题.docx
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定语从句汇总讲解与经典习题
定语从句汇总讲解与经典习题
1.注意点:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:
that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who…not…,"没有……不……",在从句中作主语,宾语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):
when、why、where
2.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)
2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
3.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。
如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
3.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)
4.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人
whom:
宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose:
属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)
3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.(宾语)
4.He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.
=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
6.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
●as的用法:
(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas;such…as…;asmany/muchas;so…as等结构中。
如:
1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
2.Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)
3.--Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?
---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.
4.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.
5.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
6.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
※Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
※Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)
3.关系副词引导的定语从句:
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词(如:
time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
注意:
先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作宾语)
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
2.liveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:
先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。
1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)
2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)
●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。
如:
1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.(状语)
2.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)
3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?
(作主语)
4.Hegotuplate.That's(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)
当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。
way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。
但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语
时,则用which或that引导。
如:
1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.
2.Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.
4.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
1.ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
2.Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.
北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
(见上句翻译)
比较:
1.Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
2.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.
5.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
●that&which:
只用that不用which的情况
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,
1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople..
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。
1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如:
1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater
2..Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.
1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.
只用which而不用that的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.
2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.
2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.
What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
(B)who&that:
who和that指代人时,有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如:
1..Anyonewhofailedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.
2.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce
3.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.
4.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.
②在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如:
1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.
③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如:
1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.
④一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复.如:
1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.
●as&which:
as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
①位置的不同:
which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。
如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.
或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.
或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
②先行词的不同:
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;
which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。
1.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)
2.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
③as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
高中英语定语从句经典习题(含答案)
1.Marylivesintheroom,thedoor_____openseast.
A.ofitB.ofwhichC.ofthatD.whose
2.Theengineer_____myfatheristalkinghasjustcomefromabroad.
A.withwhomB.withwhoC.withwhichD.that
3.Helivesinahotel,_____isonlyfiveminutes’walkfromhere.
A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.where
4.Isthereanything_____Icandoforyou?
.A.whichB.whoC.asD.that
5.Thespeakerwilltellusaboutsomewritersandtheirworks_____areknowntous.
A.whichB.thatC.asD.who
6.Thisisthereason_____theyareallagainsttheplan.
A.whichB.thatC.whyD.what
7.Itwasnotuntillateintheevening_____thetravelerfoundahotel.
A.whichB.thatC.asD.where
8.Ididn’tliketheway_____shespoketome.
A.whichB.thatC.howD.as
9.Thisis_____Icandoforyourightnow.
A.whichB.thatC.whatD.as
10.Itwasatourcollegelibrary_____Iborrowedthenovel.
A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD.where
11.Ihaveseentrees,_____openatsunriseandcloseatsunset.
A.whichtheleavesB.ofwhichleavesC.whoseleavesD.itsleaves
12.All_____isneededisasupplyofoil.
A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which
13.Theforeignguests,_____werescientists,werewarmlywelcomedattheairport.
A.mostofwhomB.mostofthemC.mostofwhichD.mostofthose
14.OnthetrainIsawastudent