AppelReactionandMitsunobuReaction.docx

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AppelReactionandMitsunobuReaction

AppelReactionandMitsunobuReaction

Appel反应

Appel反应,用三苯基膦和四氯化碳将醇转化为氯代烃。

此反应是用于引入卤原子的一种较为温和的方法。

伯醇、仲醇和多数叔醇都能顺利发生反应。

用四溴化碳或溴作为卤原子源,或者用碘甲烷或碘,可得到相应的溴代烃和碘代烃。

首先三苯基膦与四氯化碳生成鏻正离子和三氯甲基负离子离子对,三氯甲基负离子从醇夺取质子,生成氯仿,同时醇转化为烷氧负离子。

烷氧负离子对鏻正离子进行亲核取代,得到含P-O键的中间体(5)和氯离子,然后氯离子对(5)进行亲核进攻,产生三苯基氧膦和产物氯代烃(6)。

如果以叔醇为底物,则最后一步生成氯代烃和三苯基氧膦为SN1机理。

反应的推动力是固体三苯基氧膦的生成,它从反应混合物中分离出来。

其中含有键能较强的P=O双键,利于反应进行。

可以这样认为,四氯化碳中的一个氯在反应后转移到氯代烃中,自身接受醇的羟基氢,生成氯仿。

醇的羟基氧则被三苯基膦接受,三苯基膦变为三苯基氧膦。

醇和有机磷氯化物的反应

三苯基膦氯化物,如Ph3PX2,PH3P+CX3X-以及亚磷酸三苯酯氯化物如(PhO)3PX2、(PhO)3P+RX-,在和醇进行氯置换反应,具有活性大,反应条件温和等特点。

由于反应中产生的氯化氢很少,因此不容易发生氯化氢引起的副反应。

三苯基膦和六氯代丙酮(HCA)复合物和Ph3P/CCl4相似,也能将光学活性的烯丙醇在温和条件下转化成为构型翻转的烯丙氯代物,而且不发生异构、重排等副反应。

这个试剂比Ph3P/CCl4更温和,反应迅速,特别适宜于用其他方法易引起重排的烯丙醇。

此外,三苯膦或亚磷酸酯和N-氯代酰胺组成的复合氯化剂与上述试剂相似,但特别适宜于对酸不稳定的醇或者是甾体醇的氯置换反应,也可用于缺电子的π体系的羟基氯置换。

ExampleA:

Adry,300-ml.,three-neckedflaskisequippedwithamagneticstirringbarandrefluxcondenser(towhichisattachedaDrierite-filleddryingtube)andchargedwith90ml.ofcarbontetrachlorideand15.42g.ofgeraniol(0.1001mole).Tothissolutionisadded34.09g.(0.1301mole)oftriphenylphosphine,andthestirredreactionmixtureisheatedunderrefluxfor1hour.Thismixtureisallowedtocooltoroomtemperature;drypentaneisadded(100ml.),andstirringiscontinuedforanadditional5minutes.

Thetriphenylphosphineoxideprecipitateisfilteredandwashedwith50ml.ofpentane.Thesolventisremovedfromthecombinedfiltratewitharotaryevaporatorunderwateraspiratorpressureatroomtemperature.Distillationoftheresiduethrougha2-cm.Vigreuxcolumnattachedtoashort-pathdistillationapparatusprovides13.0–14.0g.(75–81%)ofgeranylchloride,b.p.47–49°(0.4mm.),n23D=1.4794.

 

ExampleB:

Toacooled25mlround-bottomflaskcontaining1(50mg,0.16mmol)andPh3P(51mg,0.2mmol)wasaddedhexachloroacetone(HCA,0.05ml,0.3mmol)in1mlofCH2Cl2.Thereactionmixturewasallowedtocometoroomtemperatureandstirredovernight.Themixturewassubjectedtopurificationbyflashsilicagelcolumnchromatography,withelutionfirstbyhexanetoremovetheHCAandthenby5%ethylacetate/hexanestogive49mg(93%)of2.

醇和有机磷溴化物的反应

三苯膦溴化物,如Ph3PX2,PH3P+CX3X-以及亚磷酸三苯酯溴化物如(PhO)3PX2、(PhO)3P+RX-,在和醇进行溴置换反应是,具有活性大,反应条件温和等特点。

由于反应中产生的溴化氢很少,因此不容易发生溴化氢引起的副反应。

这两类试剂均可由三苯膦或亚磷酸三苯酯和溴素或溴代烷直接制得,不经过分离纯化即可和醇进行反应。

其反应历程是这些试剂和醇反应生成醇烷氧基取代的三苯膦加成物或相应的亚磷酸酯,后经溴素负离子的SN2反应,生成溴化物,同时发生构型翻转。

这些试剂的应用很广泛,常以DMF或HMPTA作为溶剂进行溴置换反应,也可在较温和的条件下将光学活性的仲醇转化成构型翻转的溴代烃,或对某些在酸性条件下不稳定的化合物进行溴化。

此外,三苯膦或亚磷酸酯和N-溴代酰胺组成的复合溴化剂与上述试剂相似,但特别适宜于对酸不稳定的醇或者是甾体醇的溴置换反应,也可用于缺电子的π体系的羟基溴置换。

ExampleA:

Toasolutionof1(4g,22.5mmol)inCH2Cl2(50ml)atroomtemperaturewasaddedCBr4(11.2g,34mmol)followedbytriphenylphosphine(8.8g,33mmol).Thereactionmixturewasallowedtostirfor2.5h,andthesolventwasremovedundervacuum.Chromatography(30%EtOAc-hexanes)afforded5.91g(98%)ofproduct2asanoff-whitesolid.

ExampleB:

Thealcohol(5.34g,16.7mmol)andCBr4(16.6g,50mmol)weredissolvedin100mlofdichloromethane.Thissolutionwastreatedwithsolidtriphenylphosphine(13.1g,50mmol)overa10minperiod.Thissolutionwasallowedtostirfor18h,andthen10mlofethanolwasadded.After2hthissolutionwastreatedwith100mlofEt2Obydropwiseadditionovera0.5hperiod.Themixturewasfiltered,andthefiltrateandwashingsweretrhenconcentratedandpurifiedbyflashchromatographytogive4.79g(74%yield)ofthetitlecompound.Thismaterialrecrystallized(Et2O/hexane)onstandingtogivemp87-88℃

ExampleC:

Inawell-ventilatedhood,a2-L,three-necked,round-bottomedflask,equippedwithamagneticstirrer,thermometer,droppingfunnel,andarefluxcondenser,ischargedundernitrogenwith327g(1.24mol)oftriphenylphosphine,and1.24Lofanhydrousdichloromethane.Thesolutionisvigorouslystirredunderacetone-dryicecooling,as199g(64.1ml,1.25mol)ofbromineisaddedoveraperiodof0.5hrat−30°Cto−15°Cundernitrogen.Afteranadditional15minofstirring,amixtureof116g(1.18mol)of1-cyclopropylcyclopropanoland93.5g(95.6ml,1.18mol)ofanhydrouspyridineisaddeddropwiseat−15°Coveraperiodof2hours.Themixtureisstirredat20°Cforanadditional24hoursundernitrogen.Therefluxcondenserandthedroppingfunnelareremoved.Theflaskisimmersedinanoilbathandconnectedtoa2-L,two-necked,round-bottomedflaskviaa90°angleglasstube.Thesecondflaskiscooledwithacetone-dryice.Allthevolatilematerialisbulb-to-bulbdistilled,atfirstunderwater-aspiratorvacuumand30°Coilbathtemperature,andthenunderfurtherreducedpressure(0.1mm)witha100°Coilbath.Thedistillationiscontinueduntilthetemperatureinthefirstflaskreaches80°C.Thereceiverflaskisallowedtowarmto20°C,andthesolventisremovedbydistillationatatmosphericpressureusinga30-cmVigreuxcolumn.Theresidueisdistilledunderreducedpressuretogive117.1g(62%)of1-bromo-1-cyclopropylcyclopropane.

醇和有机磷碘化物的反应

(PhO)3P,CH3I体系

EXAMPLE1:

A500-ml.,two-necked,round-bottomedflaskfittedwitharefluxcondenserequippedwithacalciumchloridedryingtubeischargedwith136g.(115ml.,0.439mole)oftriphenylphosphite,35.2g.(0.400mole)ofneopentylalcohol,and85g.(37ml.,0.60mole)ofmethyliodide.Athermometerofsufficientlengthextendsintotheliquidcontentsoftheflask.Themixtureisheatedundergentlerefluxwithanelectricheatingmantleuntilthetemperatureoftherefluxingliquidrisesfromitsinitialvalueof75–80°toabout130°,andthemixturedarkensandbeginstofume.Thetimerequiredisabout24hours.Itisnecessarytoadjusttheheatinputfromthemantlefromtimetotimeasthereactionproceedsandtherefluxratediminishes.Thereactionmixtureisdistilledunderreducedpressurethrougha13-cm.Vigreuxcolumn.Thefractionboilingbelow65°(50mm.)iscollectedandwashedwith50ml.ofwater,thenwith50-ml.portionsofcold1Nsodiumhydroxideuntilthewashingsnolongercontainphenol.Theproductiswashedagainwith50ml.ofwater,driedovercalciumchlorideandredistilled,yielding51–60g.(64–75%)ofneopentyliodide,b.p.54–55°(55mm.),nD211.4882.

Ref:

OrganicSyntheses,Coll.Vol.6,p.830;Vol.51,p.44

EXAMPLE2:

A500-ml.,two-necked,round-bottomedflaskfittedwitharefluxcondenserequippedwithacalciumchloridedryingtubeischargedwith124g.(107ml.,0.400mole)oftriphenylphosphiteand85g.(37ml.,0.60mole)ofmethyliodide.Athermometerofsufficientlengthextendsintotheliquidcontentsoftheflask.Themixtureisheatedundergentlerefluxwithaheatingmantleuntiltheinternaltemperaturehasrisentoabout120°.Atthispointthemixtureisdarkandviscous.Theflaskiscooled,and40g.(0.40mole)ofcyclohexanolisaddedtotheoilymethyltriphenoxyphosphoniumiodide.Themixtureisshakengentlyuntilhomogeneousandallowedtostandovernightatroomtemperature.Themixtureisdistilledthrougha13-cm.Vigreuxcolumn,yielding62.5–63g.(74–75%)ofiodocyclohexane,b.p.66–68°(12mm.),nD221.5475.

Ref:

OrganicSyntheses,Coll.Vol.6,p.830;Vol.51,p.44

EXAMPLE3:

Toasolutionofmethyltriphenoxyphosphoniumiodide(2.3mmol)inanhydrousdimethylformamidewasaddedalcohol(2mmol)atroomtemperature.Afterstirredfor18h,thesolventwasremovedinvacuoandtheresiduewasdissolvedinchloroform,extractedwith5%sodiumthiosulfate,washedwithwateranddried.Directcrystallizationfromchloroform-hexanegavetheiodidein77%yieldasneedles.

Ref:

J.A.C.S.1964,2093-2095

Ph3P,I2,imidazole体系

特点:

反应温度低,反应时间短,产率高

EXAMPLE1:

Todrydichloromethane(4mL)wasaddedinorder:

triphenylphosphine(1.2~1.5mmol),imidazole(1.2~1.5mmol)andiodine(1.2~1.5mmol).Asolutionofthealcohol(1.0mmol)indrydichloromethane(1mL)wasaddedandthemixturewasstirredatroomtemperatureunderargonfor0.5~3.0h.ThedisappearanceofthealcoholandformationofthealkyliodidewasfollowedbyTLC.Whenthereactionwascomplete,mostofthesolventwasremovedinvacuoandtheproductwaspurifiedbypassingitthroughacolumnofsilicagelwithpentaneassolvent.

Ref:

Synthetic.Communications,1990,20,10,1473-1479

EXAMPLE2:

Iodine(2.72g,10.7mmol)wasaddedinportionstoamixtureofthealcohol(1.00g,5.14mmol,finelypowdered),triphenylphosphine(3.02g,11.5mmol)andimidazole(1.59g,23.3mmol)intoluene-acetonitrile(2:

160mL)stirredat90oC.After2hthemixturewascooledtoroomtemperature.Water(50mL)andtoluene(20mL)wereaddedtothemixturewhichwasthenshakenvigorouslyandtransferredtoaseparatingfunnel.Theorganicphasewasextractedwithwateruntilonlytriphenylphosphineandtriphenylphosphineoxideremainedintheorganicphase.Thecombinedaqueousphasewaswashedwithasmallamountoftolueneandthenconcentrated.Theresiduewasacetylatedwithaceticanhydrideandpyridineatroomtemperature.Whentheacetylationwascomplete,thereactionmixturewasconcentratedandtheresiduedissolvedintoluene.Thetoluenesolutionwasextractedwithwaterinwaterinordertoremoveimidazoleimpurities,driedandconcentrated.Theproductwaspurifiedbychromatographyonashortsilicagelcolumntoyieldcompound(1.41g,63%).

Ref:

J.C.S.,PerkinTrans.1,1982,681-683

Mitsunobu反应

1967年,OyoMitsunobu报导了在三苯基膦(PPh3)和偶氮二甲酸二乙酯(DEAD)作用下酸和醇缩合成酯的新方法。

当底物为仲醇的时候,与羟基相连的碳原子的构型会发生翻转。

经过多年的研究和发展,形成了一大类合成方法,我们称之为Mitsunobu反应。

这类反应被广泛应用在有机合成,特别是天然产物的合成中。

Mitsunobu醇的翻转

在Mitsunobu反应中,DEAD和三苯基膦首先生成一个活性的甜菜碱式中间体(betaineintermediate),这个活性中间体夺取作为亲核试剂的酸的质子并同时活化醇,随后经过SN2取代,得到手性翻转的酯;将得到的酯水解,其净结果是醇的构型翻转。

反应在很温和的条件下进行,通常反应温度是在0℃到

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