概率论升级版.docx

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概率论升级版

1.计算数字特征的SAS程序

(一)不需要输入频数的SAS程序(见课本138页)

dataex;inputx@@;

cards;

12233345678

;

procunivariatevardef=n;run;

(vardef=n是求样本的方差及标准差,如果去掉这个程序段,求出来的是修正后的标准差及修正方差)

TheUNIVARIATEProcedure

Variable:

x

Moments

N(样本个数)11SumWeights(权重值和)11

Mean(均值)4SumObservations(样本总和)44

StdDeviation(样本标准差)2.13200716Variance(样本的方差)4.54545455

Skewness(偏度)0.5065649Kurtosis(峰度)-0.932

UncorrectedSS226CorrectedSS(离均差平方和)50

CoeffVariation53.3001791StdErrorMean.

注意此处的样本变异系数CoeffVariation是以样本标准差做出来的,而在课本上则是以样本的修正标准差做出来的。

.BasicStatisticalMeasures

LocationVariability

Mean4.000000StdDeviation2.13201

Median(中位数)3.000000Variance4.54545

Mode(众数)3.000000Range(极差)7.00000

InterquartileRange4.00000

TestsforLocation:

Mu0=0

Test-Statistic------pValue------

SignM5.5Pr>=|M|0.0010

SignedRankS33Pr>=|S|0.0010

Quantiles(Definition5)

QuantileEstimate(分位数)

100%Max8

99%8

95%8

90%7

75%Q36

50%Median3

25%Q12

10%2

5%1

1%1

0%Min1

ExtremeObservations

----Lowest--------Highest---

ValueObsValueObs

1147

2358

2269

36710

35811

(二)需要输入频数的SAS程序(见课本138页)

dataex;inputxf@@;

cards;

5.547.5119.51711.523

13.51815.51417.51019.53

;

procunivariatevardef=n;varx;freqf;run;

(vardef=n是求样本的方差及标准差,如果去掉这个程序段,求出来的是修正后的标准差及修正方差,varx表示计算的是x的数字特征,freqf表示f为频数)

TheUNIVARIATEProcedure

Variable:

x

Freq:

f

Moments

N100SumWeights100

Mean12.24SumObservations1224

StdDeviation3.43691722Variance11.8124

Skewness0.09092138Kurtosis-0.6788022

UncorrectedSS16163CorrectedSS1181.24

CoeffVariation28.0793891StdErrorMean.

BasicStatisticalMeasures

LocationVariability

Mean12.24000StdDeviation3.43692

Median11.50000Variance11.81240

Mode11.50000Range14.00000

InterquartileRange6.00000

TestsforLocation:

Mu0=0

Test-Statistic------pValue------

SignM50Pr>=|M|<.0001

SignedRankS2525Pr>=|S|<.0001

Quantiles(Definition5)

QuantileEstimate

100%Max19.5

99%19.5

95%17.5

90%17.5

75%Q315.5

50%Median11.5

25%Q19.5

10%7.5

5%7.5

1%5.5

0%Min5.5

ExtremeObservations

---------Lowest----------------Highest--------

ValueFreqObsValueFreqObs

5.54111.5234

7.511213.5185

9.517315.5146

11.523417.5107

13.518519.538

2:

求置信区间

(1)求一个正态总体均值的置信区间

SAS程序为

dataex;inputx@@;

cards;

6.64.65.45.85.5

;

procmeansmeanstdclm;

procmeansmeanstdclmalpha=0.1;run;

运算结果AnalysisVariable:

x

Lower90%Upper90%

Mean(均值)StdDev(观测值的标准差)CLforMeanCLforMean

5.58000000.72249574.89117926.2688208

即在置信度为0.1的条件下此正太总体的均值的90%的置信区间为(4.8911792,6.2688208)

(2)求两个正态总体均值差的置信区间(此程序还可以用来方差分析)

SAS程序为:

dataex;doa=1to2;inputn@@;

doi=1ton;inputx@@;

output;end;end;

cards;

62.12.352.392.412.442.56

42.032.282.582.71

;

procanova;classa;modelx=a;

meansa/lsdcldiff;run;

运算结果:

ClassLevelInformation

ClassLevelsValues

a212

DependentVariable:

x

SumofSourceDFSquaresMeanSquareFValuePr>FModel10.001500000.001500000.030.8661Error80.395950000.04949375CorrectedTotal90.39745000

R-SquareCoeffVarRootMSExMean0.0037749.3279630.2224722.385000

SourceDFAnovaSSMeanSquareFValuePr>Fa10.001500000.001500000.030.8661

tTests(LSD)forxNOTE:

ThistestcontrolstheTypeIcomparisonwiseerrorrate,nottheexperimentwiseerrorrate.

Alpha0.05

ErrorDegreesofFreedom8

ErrorMeanSquare0.049494

CriticalValueoft2.30600

Comparisonssignificantatthe0.05levelareindicatedby***.

DifferenceaBetween95%ConfidenceComparisonMeans(样本均值差)Limits(两个样本均值差的95%置信区间)

2-1(x2-x1)0.02500-0.306150.35615

1-2(x1-x2)-0.02500-0.356150.30615

3:

应用SAS作总体分布参数的假设检验

(1)一个正态总体均值作假设检验的SAS程序(课本186页)

dataex;inputx@@;y=x-14;

cards;

10.41213.213.714.615.115.515.9

;

procmeansmeanstdtprt;vary;run;

程序运行的结果为:

MeanStdDev(观测值的标准差)tValuePr>|t|

-0.20000001.8822479-0.300.7725

T的观测值为-0.30,而根据查表可知当自由度为8,t值为1.860,也就是落在了拒绝域,因此拒绝原假设,接受对立假设。

(2)两个正态总体均值作假设检验的SAS程序(课本179页,例题1.5,公式六,F分布)

dataxzh;doa=1to2;doi=1to8;

inputx@@;output;end;end;

cards;

8.68.75.69.38.49.37.57.9

87.95.89.17.78.27.46.6

procttest;classa;varx;

run;

程序运行的结果为:

LowerCLUpperCLLowerCLUpperCLVariableaNMeanMean(均值)MeanStdDevStdDevStdDevStdErrx187.15348.16259.17160.79811.2072.45670.4268x286.74267.58758.43240.66821.01062.05680.3573xDiff(1-2)-0.6190.5751.76870.8151.11321.75560.5566

T-Tests

VariableMethodVariances(方差)DFtValuePr>|t|(只要大于显著水平0.05便可)

xPooledEqual(方差相等时)141.030.3191

xSatterthwaiteUnequal(方差不相等时)13.61.030.3196

EqualityofVariances

VariableMethodNumDFDenDFFValuePr>F(只要大于置信度,即0.05便接受原假设)

xFoldedF771.430.6509

首先进行F检验,检验其方差是否相等,因为T检验中提供了两种均值的检测方法,一种是方差相等一种是方差不等,然后再通过T检验看均值是否相等。

在此题中F的观测值是1.43,而在95%的置信度中F的值为3.79,即落在接受域中,接受方差相等,再看T检验,T值为1.03,而查表知T的0.05置信度的值为1.761,因此接受原假设,认为均值相等。

4.应用SAS作正态性检验(详见课本193页)

SAS程序为

dataex;inputx@@;

cards;

10.41213.113.813.814.615.115.515.9

;

procunivariatenormal;run;

4.独立性检验的SAS程序

dataex;doa=1to3;dob=1to3;

inputf@@;output;end;end;

cards;

323858454428141823

;

procfreq;weightf;

tablesa*b/chisp;run;

运行结果:

ab

Frequency‚

Percent‚

RowPct‚

ColPct‚1‚2‚3‚Total

1‚32‚38‚58‚128

‚10.67‚12.67‚19.33‚42.67

‚25.00‚29.69‚45.31‚

‚35.16‚38.00‚53.21‚

2‚45‚44‚28‚117

‚15.00‚14.67‚9.33‚39.00

‚38.46‚37.61‚23.93‚

‚49.45‚44.00‚25.69‚

3‚14‚18‚23‚55

‚4.67‚6.00‚7.67‚18.33

‚25.45‚32.73‚41.82‚

‚15.38‚18.00‚21.10‚

Total91100109300

30.3333.3336.33100.00

StatisticsforTableofabyb

StatisticDFValueProb

Chi-Square(卡方检验值)413.58620.0087(概率小于显著水平0.05因此拒绝原假设)LikelihoodRatioChi-Square413.93660.0075

Mantel-HaenszelChi-Square11.44880.2287

PhiCoefficient0.2128

ContingencyCoefficient0.2081

Cramer'sV0.1505

SampleSize=300

5:

应用SAS作单因素试验方差分析

(1)不等重复的情形:

(课本200页例题1.1)

dataex;doa=1to3;inputn@@;

doi=1ton;inputx@@;

Output;end;end;

cards;

8

2129242225302726

10

20252523293124262021

6

242228252126

;

procanova;classa;modelx=a;run;

(如果要作多重比较并求均值差的置信区间,则增加

meansa/lsdcldiff;run;)

ClassLevelInformation

ClassLevelsValues

a3123

Numberofobservations24

TheANOVAProcedure

DependentVariable:

x

Sumof

SourceDF(自由度)Squares(平方和)MeanSquare(均方和)FValuePr>F

Model(因素A)26.76666673.38333330.320.7314

Error(误差)21223.733333310.6539683

CorrectedTotal(总和)23230.5000000

R-SquareCoeffVarRootMSExMean

0.02935613.188053.26404224.75000

SourceDFAnovaSSMeanSquareFValuePr>F

a26.766666673.383333330.320.7314

TheANOVAProcedure

tTests(LSD)forx

NOTE:

ThistestcontrolstheTypeIcomparisonwiseerrorrate,nottheexperimentwiseerrorrate.

Alpha0.05

ErrorDegreesofFreedom21

ErrorMeanSquare10.65397

CriticalValueoft2.07961

Comparisonssignificantatthe0.05levelareindicatedby***.

Difference

aBetween95%Confidence

ComparisonMeansLimits

1-21.100-2.1204.320

1-31.167-2.4994.833

2-1-1.100-4.3202.120

2-30.067-3.4393.572

3-1-1.167-4.8332.499

3-2-0.067-3.5723.439

(2)等重复的情形:

(课本201页,例题1.2)

dataex;doa=1to4;

doi=1to4;inputx@@;

output;end;end;

cards;

1923211321242720

2018191522252722

;

procanova;classa;modelx=a;

meansa/lsdcldiff;run;

ClassLevelInformation

ClassLevelsValues

a41234

Numberofobservations16

TheANOVAProcedure

DependentVariable:

x

Sumof

SourceDF(自由度)Squares(平方和)MeanSquareFValuePr>F

Model(因素A)3104.000000034.66666673.530.0487

Error(误差)12118.00000009.8333333

CorrectedTotal(总和)15222.0000000

R-SquareCoeffVarRootMSExMean

0.46846814.932453.13581521.00000

SourceDFAnovaSSMeanSquareFValuePr>F

a3104.000000034.66666673.530.0487

TheANOVAProcedure

tTests(LSD)forx

NOTE:

ThistestcontrolstheTypeIcomparisonwiseerrorrate,nottheexperimentwiseerrorrate.

Alpha0.05

ErrorDegreesofFreedom12

ErrorMeanSquare9.833333

CriticalValueoft2.17881

LeastSignificantDifference4.8312

Comparisonssignificantatthe0.05levelareindicatedby***.

Difference

aBetween95%Confidence

ComparisonMeansLimits

4-21.000-3.8315.831

4-15.0000.1699.831***

4-36.0001.16910.831***

2-4-1.000-5.8313.831

2-14.000-0.8318.831

2-35.0000.1699.831***

1-4-5.000-9.831-0.169***

1-2-4.000-8.8310.831

1-31.000-3.8315.831

3-4-6.000-10.831-1.169***

3-2-5.000-9.831-0.169***

3-1-1.000-5.8313.831

此处的Pr>F值小于显著性水平0.05,所以落在拒绝域,因此拒绝原假设,接受对立假设,认为苗高之间有显著差异。

6.双因素试验方差分析(不考虑交互作用)(课本212页例题2.1)

dataanova01;doa=1to4;dob=1to5;

inputx@@;output;end;end;

cards;

53564552494750474753

57635457584552424148

;

procanova;classab;modelx=ab;

meansab/lsdduncancldiff;run;

运行结果:

ClassLevelInformation

ClassLevelsValues

a41234

b512345

Numberofobservations20

DependentVariable:

x

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