THE USE OF THE PIE PERSONINENVIRONMENT SYSTEM IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION.docx

THE USE OF THE PIE PERSONINENVIRONMENT SYSTEM IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION.docx

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THEUSEOFTHEPIEPERSONINENVIRONMENTSYSTEMINSOCIALWORKEDUCATION

题名:

THEUSEOFTHEPIE（PERSON-IN-ENVIRONMENT）SYSTEMINSOCIALWORKEDUCATION.

Authors:

Karls,JamesM.

Lowery,ChristineT.

Mattaini,MarkA.

Wandrei,KarinE.

来源:

JournalofSocialWorkEducation;Winter97,Vol.33Issue1,p49-58,10p

文档类型:

Article

主题语:

*FIELDwork（Educationalmethod）

*PERSON-in-environmentsystem

*PUBLIChealth

*SOCIALcasework--Classification

*SOCIALworkeducation

*SOCIALworkers

*CLIENTS

NAICS/IndustryCodes62HealthCareandSocialAssistance

6241IndividualandFamilyServices

摘要:

ThearticlepresentstheviewsoffoureducatorsonthevalueandutilityofthePerson-in-Environment（PIE）systemforsocialworkeducationandpractice.Developedbyataskforceofpractitionersandacademics,PIEisauniquesystemfordescribing,classifying,andcodingthecommonproblemsthatadultclientsbringtosocialworkers.PIEisafour-factorsystem.Factor1describestheclient'sproblemsinsocialfunctioning,theirseverityandduration,andtheclient'sabilitytocopewiththem.Factor2describesproblemsintheclient'senvironmentthataffectsocialfunctioning.Factors3and4describetheclient'smentalandphysicalhealthproblems.Inpractice,PIEservesasatoolforidentifyingandreportingassessmentfindingsandforplanningandtestingsocialworkinterventions.Inteaching,itservesasavehicletohelpstudentslearnassessmentfromasocialworkperspective.Forsocialworkeducators,andespeciallyfieldworkfaculty,themajoradvantagesofPIEareinteachingassessmentandinteachingsocialwork'sareasofexpertise.SomeofthelimitationsofthePIEarethat,itisanadult-onlysystem,itisessentiallydescriptiveanddoesnotprovideapictureofthedynamicsofthecase,andsoon.

全文字数:

5097

ISSN:

1043-7797

入藏登记号:

9703102471

数据库：

AcademicSourcePremier

部分：

POINT/COUNTERPOINT

THEUSEOFTHEPIE（PERSON-IN-ENVIRONMENT）SYSTEMINSOCIALWORKEDUCATION

Point/CounterpointisaregularfeatureoftheJournalofSocialWorkEducation.Itspurposeistoprovideavehiclefortheexpressionofcontrastingviewsoncontroversialtopicsinsocialworkeducation.Ourgoalistoilluminateimportantdebatesandexplorethediverseperspectivesthatareshapingsocialworkeducation.

Inthisissue,foureducatorspresentadialogueonthevalueandutilityofthePerson-in-Environment（PIE）system（Karls&Wandrei,1994）forsocialworkeducationandpractice.Theyare（alphabetically）JamesKarls（JMK）,adjunctprofessor,CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach;ChristineLowery（CTL）,assistantprofessor,UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee;MarkMattaini（MAM）,associateprofessor,ColumbiaUniversity;andKarinWandrei（KEW）,adjunctprofessor,CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach,andexecutivedirector,MendocinoCountyYouthProject.JMKandKEWdefendthevirtuesofthePIEsystem,whileCTLandMAMexpressseriousreservations.Theauthorshopethatthisformatwillgeneratefurthercriticalquestionsaboutconceptualizingandcontextualizingsocialworkassessment.

ThePIESystem

CTL&MAM:

HowwouldyoudescribethePIEsystem?

Whatarethecomponentsofthesystem,andhowisPIEused?

JMK&KEW:

Developedbyataskforceofpractitionersandacademics,PIEisauniquesystemfordescribing,classifying,andcodingthecommonproblemsthatadultclientsbringtosocialworkers.Intendedforuseinallpracticesettings,itprovidesasystemforsortingouttheclient'sinterpersonal,environmental,mental,andphysicalhealthproblems.Itthenprovideslanguagefordescribingtheseproblemsinsuccinct,uniformtermsandincludesasystemforcodingthatcanbeusedinaccumulatingcasedataforresearchoragencyadministration.

PIEisafour-factorsystem.FactorIdescribestheclient'sproblemsinsocialfunctioning,theirseverityandduration,andtheclient'sabilitytocopewiththem.FactorIIdescribesproblemsintheclient'senvironmentthataffectsocialfunctioning.FactorsIIIandIVdescribetheclient'smentalandphysicalhealthproblems.Abookandmanualdescribingthesystem,itsconceptualization,anditsapplicationisavailablefromNASWPress（Karls&Wandrei,1994）.AbrieferdescriptionofPIEcanalsobefoundintheEncyclopediaofSocialWork（Karls&Wandrei,1995）.

Inpractice,PIEservesasatoolforidentifyingandreportingassessmentfindingsandforplanningandtestingsocialworkinterventions.Inteaching,itservesasavehicletohelpstudentslearnassessmentfromasocialworkperspective,becauseitdifferentiatessocialwork'sareasofexpertisefromthoseofpsychiatry,law,religion,psychology,andotherhumanserviceprofessions.ThePIEsystemuseslanguagefamiliartomostsocialworkers,andaworkingknowledgeofthesystemcanbeacquiredinsixtoeighthoursofstudybymostsocialworkers.

PIEdoesnotproduceadiagnosisinthesenseinwhichadiseasemodelwould.Rather,itprovidesacomprehensivepictureoftheclient'sproblemcomplex,anditallowsforapplicationofinterventionsbasedonwhatevertheoriesofhumanorsocialbehaviorthepractitioneroreducatormightotherwiseuseinworkingwithaclient.

CTL&MAM:

Weconcurthattherecanbeutilityinasystemthatallowsaggregatingdescriptivedataregardingcasesforadministrativeorresearchpurposes.Yet,completingaPIEassessmentforeachclientwillrequiresubstantialworkereffort,sotheorganizationalrewardsshouldbecommensurate.Wearenotcertainthattheywillbe.Theseconcernsareespeciallysharpenedinmanagedcaresettings,wheretimeisscarceandworkereffortmustbedirectedtothemostcrucialclinicalpoints.Withregardtoresearch,itseemslikelythataggregateanalytictechniqueslikeclusteranalysismightwellidentifyimportantsubgroupsofclientsfacingsimilarconfigurationsofissues,ifusedwithvalidandreliablePIEdata.Somesocialworkscholars（e.g.,Meyer,1993）havesuggestedthatsuchanalysesmayhaveconsiderablevalue,butthatthismightoccurprimarilywithintargetedsettingswheremeaningfulclustersaremostlikelytobeidentified.

Asystemthatpurportstobeapplicableforallsocialworksettingsis,ofcourse,anambitiousgoal,andDrs.KarlsandWandreihaveclearlydedicatedextensivethoughtandefforttothisproject.Wehaveseriousdoubts,however,aboutthesuccessoftheundertakinginanumberofareas.Thecoreofsocialworkpracticeanditsunderlyingpurposedifferfromthoseoftheotherdisciplinestheynoted.Onlysocialworkhasasitsessentialpurposesubstantivechangeintheadaptivefitbetweenthepersonandtheenvironmentwithinwhichthepersonisembedded.PIEreliesonliststhatdistinguishissuesinthepersonfromthoseintheenvironment,anapproachreminiscentofearlysocialwork（e.g.,Richmond,1917）.Thecontemporaryecosystemsperspective（Meyer,1995）,whichrecognizesthetransactionalnatureofclinicalphenomena,isasubstantiveadvanceoverthisapproach.Ifitistheoverallpatternthatiscrucialinclinicalwork,canPIEcapturethosetransactionalphenomenainthewaythatbroad-bandgraphicinstrumentslikeecomapsorotherecosystemicapproachesdo（Hartman,1995;Mattaini,1993）?

Also,althoughDrs.KarlsandWandreiindicatethatPIEdoesnotproduceadiagnosisperse,acompletePIEassessmentrequiresadiagnosisbasedontheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders（DSM）,whichmeansthatallofthequestionsraisedaboutDSMmustalsobeaddressedwithPIE（e.g.,Kirk&Kutchins,1988;Kutchins&Kirk,1986;Mattaini&Kirk,1991）.TheDSMlinkalsobindssocialworkersusingPIEtothatpsychiatricsystem,whichisgroundedinadifferentprofessionalstance.

AdvantagesandLimitations

CTL&MAM:

WhataretheprimaryadvantagesandlimitationsofPIEforsocialworkeducation,asdistinctfromsocialworkpracticeandresearch?

JMK&KEW:

Forsocialworkeducators,andespeciallyfieldworkfaculty,themajoradvantagesofPIEareinteachingassessmentandinteachingsocialwork'sareasofexpertise.

Studentslearningassessmentcanbeoverwhelmedwiththegreatamountofdatapresentedbytheclient.Howthestudentcollectsandorganizesthesedatacanbecriticalforplanninginterventionsandforassessingoutcomes.Thesocialworkeducatorwantstomakecertainthatstudentscanorganizedataassocialworkerswould,notaspsychiatristsorlawyerswould.PIE'srootsinsocialworktheoryandphilosophymakesthispossible.Thesystemallowsforreformulationoftheassessmentasthecaseproceeds,andbecauseofitssuccinctnessanduniformity,theproblemformulationcanbereadilyunderstoodbyotherhumanserviceprofessionalsaswellasclients.

Toemphasizesocialwork'suniquenessinthehumanservicefieldanditsspecificareasofexpertise,educatorsmusthaveamethodforcommunicatingthisdifference.ThePIEsystemclearlyidentifiesthatsocialwork'sareasofexpertiselieinaddressingproblemsofsocialfunctioningandproblemsinthesocialenvironment.MentalhealthproblemsareincludedinFactorIIIbecausethetaskforcethatdevelopedthesystemfelttheseproblemswereimportanttonoteifaholistic,comprehensivepictureofaclient'ssituationistobepresented.However,mentalhealthproblemsarenotthemainfocusofthePIEsystem.

MandibergandMiyaoka（1994）reportthatJapanesestudentswithverylimitedexperiencewithclientsfoundthatusingPIEassistedtheminstructuringtheirsocialworkthinking.ItgavethemasenseofconfidenceinworkingwithclientsthatsocialworkerswithouttraininginPIEdidnothave.Delewski（1994）foundthatMSWstudentstrainedinPIEweremorelikelytoconceptualizeclientpro