英美文学赏析英国文学部分.docx
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英美文学赏析英国文学部分
英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorks
一.Anglo-Saxonperiod
贝奥武夫:
thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons
Epic:
longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandand
elevated.(主题严肃,语言庄重)
e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:
1.Usingalliteration(押头韵)(该文最大修辞特点,每行第一个词辅音韵)
Definitionofalliteration:
arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound(辅音)
2.Usingmetaphor(暗喻,隐喻)andunderstatement
Definitionofunderstatement:
expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas
二.TheMiddleAges(MedievalAges)
GeofferyChaucer杰弗里?
乔叟1340(?
)~1400
(首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿(JohnDryden)称其为
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“英国诗歌之父”ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.
firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(英雄双韵体)bymiddleEnglish
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《TheCanterburytales
》。
Itisalonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(综合的,广泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)
A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGower
writingstyle:
wisdom,humor,humanity.
①坎特伯雷故事集:
firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(英雄双韵体)bymiddleEnglish
②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③声誉之宫
MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:
Romance(传奇故事)Famousthree:
KingArthur
SirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulf
三.TheRenaissancePeriodkeyword:
humanism(Bacon,Shakespeare,Marlowe)
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Aperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.
Renaissance:
theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievalto
themodernworld.
ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:
1.newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology(占星术/学、星座)
2.thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansion
3.rediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:
ChristopherMarlowe
WilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.
1FrancisBacon弗兰西斯?
培根1561~1626(散文之父)
ThefirstEnglishessayist.
(哲学家、散文家;在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断;近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
)
Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.
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Writingstyle:
brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.
①学术的推进
②随笔(famousquotas:
)
ThethemeofOfStudies:
usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferent
waysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.
2ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗?
马洛1564~1595
“UniversityWits”(大学才子派),thepioneerofEnglishdrama(完善了无韵体诗。
)
Blankverse:
writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.(不押韵的抑扬格
五音步)
Marlowegavenewvigortowithhis“mightylines”(D)
A.thePetrarchansonnetB.sestina
C.terzarimaD.blankverse
①浮士德博士的悲剧(根据德国民间故事书写成)
②帖木耳大帝
③马耳他的犹太人
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3WilliamShakespeare威廉?
莎士比亚1564~1616
①Historicalplays:
HenryVI;HenryIV:
RichardIII;HenryV;RichardII;HenryVIII
②FourComedies:
皆大欢喜;
第十二夜;
仲夏夜之梦;
威尼斯商人
③FourTragedies:
哈姆莱特;
奥赛罗;
李尔王;
麦克白
④ShakespeareSonnet:
154
Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyin
iambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhyme
scheme.
4.BenJonson
①
②狐狸
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5EdmundSpenser埃德蒙?
斯宾塞1552~1599
(后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
)Thepoets’poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey
WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousfor
“thepoet’spoet”?
(B)
A.Spenser’sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteria
C.hisloveofbeautyD.hisexquisitemelody
①仙后(forQueenElizabeth)
Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.
Artisticfeatures:
1.UsingSpenserianStanza
DefinitionofSpenserianStanza:
astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastline
iniambichexameter.
②牧人日历
ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.
③爱情小唱
6ThomasMore托马斯?
莫尔1478~1535乌托邦
四.RevolutionandRestoration(资产阶级革命与王朝复辟)The17th
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Century
(JohnMilton,Marvell,Donne,Dryden)Theme:
sexanddeath
1JohnMilton约翰?
弥尔顿1608~1674(文风:
庄严,敬畏)
(诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》.)
agreatmasteroftheblankverse
①Epics:
失乐园theme:
fallofman
复乐园
②Dramaticpoem:
力士参孙
③论出版自由
为英国人民声辩
④我的失明
TheMetaphysicalpoet(玄学派诗人).(Marvell,Donne,Dryden)
Milton和Bunyan对比
(1)Milton
A.wasthechiefPuritanpoet;
B.gaveustheonlyepicsinceBeowulf;
C.voicedthePuritanidealsfortheeducatedclass;
(2)Bunyan
A.wasthechiefPuritanwriterofprose;
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B.gaveustheonlygreatallegory----ThePilgrim’sProgress;
C.spokeforthecommonpeople.
MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学诗):
Poetryofagroupof17thcenturyEnglishpoetswhoseverseischaracterizedbyanintellectuallychallengingstyleandextendedmetaphorscomparingverydissimilarthings
mysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform(主题神秘,语言奇特)
thediction(用语)issimple,theimagery(意象)isfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.(主题:
love,religious,thought)
Artisticfeatures:
1.Conceits(狂想,自负,幻想)orimagery奇思妙喻
2.syllogism三段论
①Meditations沉思录
TheFlea虱子(Donne)
②SongsAndSonnetsHolySonnets
③Valediction:
2.JohnBunyan约翰?
班扬1628~1688
(代表作《天路历程》,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并
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列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
)
Puritanpoet(清教徒派诗人)
①ReligionaryAllegory:
天路历程
五.The18thCentury:
EnlightenmentandNeo-Classical
(Pope,Swift,Defoe,)
同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架,并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起,与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。
Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,(秩序,逻辑)
restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracy
TheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:
themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)
小说崛起(theriseofEnglishnovel):
Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised(realisticnovel现实主义小说)
Gothicnovel(哥特式小说):
mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)
CharacteristicsofNeo-Classicalliterature
Prose:
shouldbeprecise,direct,smooth,flexible
Poetry:
shouldbelyrical,epical,didacticanddramaticandeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples;
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Dram:
shouldbewrittenintheheroiccouplets
1AlexanderPope亚历山大?
蒲柏1688~1744
(18世纪英国最伟大的诗人,其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。
词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。
)
AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment,Popewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism(理性主义)toEngland....
AmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland?
(C)
A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift
①批评论
Artisticfeatures:
1.Using“heroiccouplets”
②卷发遇劫记
③道德论
人论
愚人记
2.JonathanSwift乔纳森?
斯威夫特1667~1745讽刺小说家amastersatirist
①格列佛游记(fictionalwork)Yahoos出自格列佛游记。
半人半兽的马
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Fourparts:
Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国
FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛
一个小小的建议
②书战
③木桶的故事
④一个麻布商的书信
3.DanielDefoe丹尼尔?
笛福1660~1731
鲁宾逊漂流记
(小说家,新闻记者,小册子作者;十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。
)
Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.
①鲁宾逊漂流记
ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.
Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.
Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoesto
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sea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.
②
③
④
4.RobertBurns罗伯特?
彭斯1759~1796(前浪漫主义,苏格兰民间诗人,NationalpoetofScottish)
ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.
PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗
①约翰?
安德生,我的爱人
②一朵红红的玫瑰
③往昔时光
5.HenryFielding亨利?
菲尔丁1707~1754
(英国小说家,戏剧家,被誉为“英国小说之父”。
)
Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.
①novels:
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弃婴汤姆?
琼斯
约瑟夫?
安德
鲁
大诗人江奈生?
威尔德
爱米利亚
②plays:
一七三六年历史记事