定语从句全掌握.docx

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定语从句全掌握.docx

定语从句全掌握

定语从句全掌握

Ⅰ.概念:

(1)定语从句:

在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行词:

被定语从句修饰的成份。

先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。

(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系词的作用:

1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;

2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)

常用的关系代词:

that(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指人或物),which(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语或定语;只可指物),who(主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人),whom(宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人),whose(属格,在从句中作定语,可指人或物),as(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指人或物,通常指代事);but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who…not…,"没有……不……",在从句中作主语,宾语)

常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):

when(时间状语),why(原因状语),where(地点状语),how(方式状语)

(4)句子成分:

主语---谓语动词前;

宾语-介宾或及物动词的宾语;

表语-be动词后或系动词后;

状语-时间状语、地点状语、原因状语,etc.

例如:

1.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who做关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词student,who在从句中用作主语.)

2.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做关系副词,修饰先行词reason,why在从句中作原因状语.)

3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom做关系代词,修饰先行词boy,whom在从句中作宾语.)

4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.(Whose做关系代词,修饰先行词room,whose在从句中用作定语,可代之以ofwhich)

定语从句三步:

第一找出先行词;

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);

第三选择合适的关系词。

Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:

一、that:

可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。

(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:

1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)

2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)

4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)

7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.

二、which:

指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。

如:

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)

3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)

5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)

6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.

三、who,whom,whose:

who:

主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人

whom:

宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人

whose:

属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。

1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)

2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)

3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.(宾语)

4.He’samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.

比较:

Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.

Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.

5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)

I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.

ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome

关系代词作介词宾语:

关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。

关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)如:

1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.

2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?

=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?

3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.

4.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.

Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组,不可前置。

再如:

lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)

四、as的用法:

(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)

(1)如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas;such…as…;asmany/muchas;so…as等结构中。

如:

1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。

Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)

2.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?

---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.

Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.

Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.

比较:

Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比较:

Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)

(2)如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。

(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)

1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)

=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.

或:

Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)

或:

Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.

2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)

五、but的用法:

but用作关系代词,其意思相当于who/that…not…,"没有……不……",如:

1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.

2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.

3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.

Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:

When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

其先行词是表时间的名词(如:

time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)

1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.

注意:

先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)

Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.

2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作宾语)

Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.

3.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.

Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.

Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:

place,school,factory,room,etc.如:

1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

2.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意:

先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)

Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.

Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.

Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.

Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.

2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)

Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.

Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。

如:

1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.(作状语)

2.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)

Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?

(作主语)

Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.

.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)

(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)

当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。

way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。

但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语

时,则用which或that引导。

如:

1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.

比较:

Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.

Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

1).ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

2).Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。

4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。

(见上句翻译)

比较:

Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.

Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:

(A)that&which:

在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.

(1)先行词为不定代词,如all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等。

如:

1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There’snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

(2)先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。

如:

1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.That’stheverywordthatiswronglyused.

3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

4.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.

5.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.

6.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.

(3)先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。

如:

1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.

(4)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

如:

1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.

(5)先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如:

1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.

(6)被修饰词为数词时.如:

1.YesterdayIcaughttwo

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