7A版考研英语一真题和答案完整版.docx

7A版考研英语一真题和答案完整版.docx

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7A版考研英语一真题和答案完整版

2018考研英语一真题和答案完整版

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　ReadthefollowingteGt。

Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET。

（10points）

　　Trustisatrickybusiness。

Ontheonehand，it‘sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings：

childcare，friendships，etc。

Ontheotherhand，puttingyour2，inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3。

　　4，whydowetrustatall？

Well，becauseitfeelsgood。

5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution，theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin，ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother。

ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9：

InaSwissstudy，researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects；thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse。

　　11forus，wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us。

ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone。

SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。

Thetesterwouldask，“What’sinhere？

”beforelookingintothecontainer，smiling，andeGclaiming，“Wow！

”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15。

Halfofthemfoundatoy；theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them。

　　Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked，themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。

19，onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。

　　1。

[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from

　　2。

[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest

　　3。

[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

　　4。

[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

　　5。

[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When

　　6。

[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

　　7。

[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare

　　8。

[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to

　　9。

[A]conteGt[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

　　10。

[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters

　　11。

[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic

　　12。

[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight

　　13。

[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over

　　14。

[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted

　　15。

[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside

　　16。

[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D]。

remembered

　　17。

[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked

　　18。

[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

　　19。

[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance

　　20。

[A]infleGible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions：

　　ReadthefollowingfourteGts。

AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA，B，CorD。

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET。

（40points）

　　TeGt1

　　AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign：

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs？

　　Don‘tdismissthatpossibilityentirely。

AbouthalfofU.S。

jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated，accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy，withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed。

Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots。

Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking，financialadvice，softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest，orsoonwill。

Therichowntherobots，sotheywillbefine。

　　Thisisn‘ttobealarmist。

Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast。

TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms，butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed。

Likewise，automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity，stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices，andfreeworkersfromhard，boringwork。

Butinthemediumterm，middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting。

　　Thefirststep，asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge，shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining。

Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication。

Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots。

Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind。

ItcouldmakeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable。

Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt。

　　ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S。

toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism：

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier。

Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange，entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines。

Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven‘tbeeninventedyet。

TheU.S。

needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem。

　　Finally，becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome，taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought。

TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut，andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded：

Thiswouldboostincomes，encouragework，rewardcompaniesforjobcreation，andreduceinequality。

　　TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears，yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation。

Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts。

Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable。

　　21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation？

　　[A]Leadingpoliticians。

　　[B]Low-wagelaborers。

　　[C]Robotowners。

　　[D]Middle-classworkers。

　　22。

Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview？

　　[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless。

　　[B]Optimists‘opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport。

　　[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled

　　[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

　　23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

　　[A]creativepotential。

　　[B]job-huntingskills。

　　[C]individualneeds。

　　[D]cooperativespirit。

　　24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedat

　　[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation。

　　[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment。

　　[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor。

　　[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening。

　　25.InthisteGt，theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

　　[A]opposingviewsonit。

　　[B]possiblesolutionstoit。

　　[C]itsalarmingimpacts。

　　[D]itsmajorvariations。

　　TeGt2

　　AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter。

TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource，Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform。

　　MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines。

Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia，peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills。

Suchatrendisbadlyneeded。

Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign，nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews，accordingtotheUniversityofOGford。

AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant。

　　Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace。

AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories。

Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias。

“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints，”thesurveyconcluded。

　　Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect。

A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia，Britain，andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement。

　　SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests。

Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation。

AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror，”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting。

Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia。

Inotherwords，thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue。

“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem，”saysRoGanneStone，editorinchiefatBarnaGroup。

　　Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident，theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。

　　26。

AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2，manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson

　　[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice。

　　[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms。

　　[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation。

　　[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews。

　　27。

Thephrase“beerup”（Line2，Para。

2）isclosestinmeaningto

　　[A]sharpen

　　[B]define

　　[C]boast

　　[D]share

　　28。

Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey，youngpeople

　　[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace。

　　[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources。

　　[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility。

　　[D]liketoeGchangeviewson“distributedtrust”

　　29。

TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis

　　[A]readersoutdatedvalues。

　　[B]journalists’biasedreporting

　　[C]readers’misinterpretation

　　[D]journalists’made-upstories。

　　30。

WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt？

　　[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

　　[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

　　[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia。

　　[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests。

　　TeGt3

　　Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain‘sNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell。

DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld。

Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat，butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants。

ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner，ElizabethDenham，hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS，whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy。

　　DeepMindhasalmostapologized。

TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。

Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasb