英语四级考试真题第二套.docx

英语四级考试真题第二套.docx

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英语四级考试真题第二套

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套）

PartIWriting（30minutes）

Directions：

forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaybasedonthepicturebelow．

Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthencommentonthiskindofmodernlife．Youshouldwriteatleastl20wordsbutnomorethanl80words

PartHIReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionA

Directions：

／nthissection，thereisapassagewithtenblanks．Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices．Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter．PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre．Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce．

Questions36t045arebasedonthefollowingpassage．

It’sourguiltypleasure：

WatchingTVisthemostcomtioneverydayactivity，afterworkandsleep，inmanypartsoftheworld．AmericansviewfivehoursofTVeachday，andwhileweknowthatspendingsomuchtimesitting36canleadtoobesity（肥胖症）andotherdiseases，researchershavenowquantifiedjusthow37beingacouchpotatocanbe．

Inananalysisofdatafromeightlarge38publishedstudies，aHarvard—ledgroupreportedinthethatforeverytwohoursperdayspentchannel39，theriskofdevelopingType2diabetesJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation（糖尿病）rose20％over8．5years，theriskofheartdiseaseincreasedl5％overa40，andtheoddsofdyingprematurely4113％duringaseven—yearfollow—up．Allofthese42arelinkedtoalackofphysicalexercise．Butcomparedwithothersedentary（久坐的）activities，likeknitting，viewingTVmaybeespecially43atpromotingunhealthyhabits．Forone，thesheernumberofhourswepasswatchingTVdwarfsthetimewespendonanythingelse．Andotherstudieshavefoundthatwatchingadsforbeerandpopcornmaymakeyoumorelikelyto44them．

Evenso．theauthorsadmitthattheydidn’tcomparedifferentsedentaryactivitiesto45whetherTVwatchingwaslinkedtoagreaterriskofdiabetes，heartdiseaseorearlydeathcomparedwith，say，reading．

A.climbed

B.consume

C.decade

D.determine

E.effective

F.harmful

G.outcomes

H.passively

I.previously

J.resume

K.suffered

L.surfing

M.term

N.terminals

0.twisting

SectionB

Directions：

／nthissection，youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs．Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived．Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce．Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter．AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2．

Essay．GradingSoftwareOffersProfessorsaBreak

A.Imaginetakingacollegeexam，and，insteadofhandinginabluebookandgettingagradefromaprofessorafewweekslater，clickingthe“send”buttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly，youressayscoredbyasoftwareprogram．Andthen，insteadofbeingdonewiththatexam，imaginethatthesystemwouldimmediatelyletyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade．

B.EDX，thenonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）tooffercoursesontheInternet，hasjustintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomated（自动的）softwareavailablefreeontheWebtoanyinstitutionthatwantstouseit．Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestudentessaysandshortwrittenanswers，freeingprofessorsforothertasks．

C.Thenewservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortium（联盟）intoagrowingconflictovertheroleofautomationineducation．Althoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple—choiceandtrue—falsetestsarenowwidespread，theuseofartificialintelligencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetreceivedwidespreadacceptancebyeducatorsandhasmanycritics.

D.AnantAgarwal，anelectricalengineerwhoispresidentofEDX，predictedthattheinstant—gradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingtoolenablingstudentstotaketestsandwriteessaysoverandoverandimprovethequalityoftheiranswers．Hesaidthetechnologywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroomsystem，wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweekslorgrades．“Thereisahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback，”Dr．Agarwalsaid．“Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstantfeedback．”

E.Butskeptics（怀疑者）saytheautomatedsystemisnomatchforliveteachers．Onelongtimecritic，LesPerelman，hasdrawnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsenseessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivinghighmarks．Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingthatthesoftwarecompareswelltohumangraders．

F.Heisamongagroupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition（呼吁）opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware．Thegroup．whichcallsitselfProfessionalsAgainstMachineScoringofStudentEssaysinHigh—StakesAssessment，hascollectednearly2，000signatures，includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoanlChomsky．

G．“Let’sfacetherealitiesofautomaticessayscorin9，”thegroup’sstatementreadsinpart.“Computerscannot‘read．’Theycannotmeasuretheessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication：

accuracy．reasonin9，adequacyofevidence，goodsense，ethical（伦理的）position，convincingargument，meaningfulorganization，andclarity，amongothers．”

H）ButEdXexpectsitssoftwaretobeadoptedwidelybyschoolsanduniversities．ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHarvard．MITandtheUniversityofCalifornia—Berkeley；thisfall，itwilladdclassesfromWellesley．GeorgetownandtheUniversityofTexas．Inall，12universitiesparticipateinEDX，whichofferscertificatesforcoursecompletionandhassaidthatitplanstocontinuetoexpandnextyear，includingaddinginternationalschools．

I.TheEDXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers，orgraders，tofirstgradel00essaysoressayquestions．Thesystemthenusesavarietyofmachine—learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynumberofessaysoranswersautomaticallyandalmostinstantly．Thesoftwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemcreatedbytheteacher，whetheritisalettergradeornumerical（数字的）rank．

J.EDXisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessmenttechnology，whichdatestoearlycomputersinthel960s．Thereisnowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstogradewrittentestanswers，andfourstates--Louisiana，NorthDakota，UtahandWestVirginia--areusingsomeform

ofthetechnologyinsecondaryschools．Afifth，Indiana，hasexperimentedwithit．Insomecasesthesoftwareisusedasa“secondreader．”tocheckthereliabilityofthehumangraders．

K.ButthegrowinginfluenceoftheEDxconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivethetechnologyaboost．OnTuesday，StanfordannouncedthatitwouldworkwithEDXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeuseoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology．

L.Twostart．ups．CourseraandUdacity，recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymemberstocreate“massiveopenonlinecourses，”0rMOOCs，arealsocommittedtoautomatedassessmentsystemsbecauseofthevalueofinstantfeedback．‘‘Itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackontheir

work．sothatlearningturnsintoagame，withstudentsnaturallygravitating（吸引）towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheygetitright，”saidDaphneKoller，acomputerscientistandafounderofCoursera．

M．LastyeartheHewlettFoundation，agrant—maltingorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlettPackardfoundersandhiswife．sponsoredtwo$100，000prizesaimedatimprovingsoftwarethatgradesessaysandshortanswers．Morethanl50teamsenteredeachcategory．AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontests．VikParuchuri，washiredbyE（Ⅸtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware．

N．“OneofourfocusesistohelpMdslearnhowtothinkcritically，”saidVictorVuchic，aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation．“It’sprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple—choicetestsThechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders，andsotheycostalotmoreandtheytakealotmoretime．“

O．MarkD．Shermis，aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhi0．supervisedtheHewlettFoundation’scontestonautomatedessayscoringandwroteapaperabouttheexperiment．Inhisview，thetechnology--thoughimperfect--hasaplaceineducationalsettings．

P．Withincreasinglylargeclasses，itisimpossibleformostteacherstogivestudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments，hesaid．Plus，henoted，criticsofthetechnologyhavetendedtocomefromthenation’sbestuniversities，wherethelevelofteachingismuchbetterthanatnlostschools．

Q）“Oftentheycomefromveryfamousinstitutionswhere，infact，theydoamuchbetter．jobofprovidingfeedbackthanamachineevercould，”Dr．Shermissaid．“Thereseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingonintherealworld．”

46．Someprofessionalsineducationarecollectingsignaturestovoicetheiroppositiontoantomatedessaygrading．

47．Usingsoftwaretogradestudents’essayssavesteacherstimeforotherwork．

48．TheHewlettcontestsaimatimprovingessaygradingsoftware．

49．Thoughtheautomatedgradingsystemiswidelyusedinmultiple—choicetests．automatedessaygradingisstillcriticizedbymanyeducators．

50．Somepeopledon’tbelievethesoftwaregradingsystemcandoasgoodajobashumangraders．

51．Criticsofautomatedessayscoringdonotseemtoknowthetruerealitiesinlessfamousuniversities．

52．Criticsarguemanyimportantaspectsofeffectivewritingcannotbemeasuredbycomputerratingprograms．

53．Asclasssizegrows，mostteachersareunabletogivestudentsvaluablecommentsaStohowtoimprovetheirwritin9．

54．Theautomatedassessmenttechnologyissometimes