wxdl.docx
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wxdl
Plot:
anarrativestructurethatdividedastoryintofiveparts,likethefiveactsofaplay.Thesepartsare:
exposition(ofthesituation);risingaction(throughconflict);climax(orturningpoint);fallingaction;andresolution.
storyasthechronologicalsequenceofevents
plotasthecausalandlogicalstructurewhichconnectseventsForster'sexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweenstoryandplotare:
Tickets,PleaseAtaglance:
Author:
D.H.Lawrence
TypeofPlot:
PsychologicalTimeofWork:
WorldWarI
Setting:
TheEnglishMidlandsCharacters:
AnnieStone,JohnThomas“Coddy”Raynor,NoraPurdyetc.
Majorsubjects:
battlebetweensexes;destructionofculture
☐Characters:
thepeopleinthestory
☐Characterization:
theprocessbywhichthewritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader
CharacterTypesaccordingtoE.M.Forster:
Roundcharacters--
Complexandmulti-dimensional
Inconsistentandunpredictable
Hardtosummarizeandunderstand
Displayinternalconflictsfoundinrealpeople
☐Flatcharacter
⏹Embodies1or2qualities,easilysummarized;
⏹Notpsychologicallycomplexandthuseasilyaccessibletothereader;
⏹Canbestockorstereotype
acharacterwhopossessestheexpectedtraitsofagroupratherthanbeinganindividual
CharacterFunction
Majorcharacter
PROTAGONIST:
Thisisthechiefcharacterinaworkonwhomourinterestcenters.Thistermispreferableoverthetermsheroorheroinebecauseaprotagonistcansometimesincludecharacterswhomightbe,forexample,villainousorweak(butcharacterswhomwearestillinterestedinorconcernedaboutregardlessoftheirflawsincharacter).
ANTAGONIST:
Thisisthecharacterorforcewhichopposes(literally“wrestles”)themaincharacter;therefore,iftheprotagonistispittedagainstanimportantopponent,thatopponentiscalledtheantagonist.
Minorcharacter
FoilsStereotypedThepieceoffurniture
☐CharacterBehavior
☐Staticcharacter
⏹Doesn’tchangeasaresultofwhathappenstohiminthestory;
⏹Thereader’sknowledgeofhimdoesnotgrow.
☐Dynamic(Active)character
⏹Undergoessomekindofchangeasaresultofactionintheplot;
⏹Mustbeasubstantivechangeratherthanamoodchange.
☐Characterization
☐Direct(telling)
⏹Thewritertellswhatkindofpersonthecharacteris.
⏹Myfatherwas,Iamsure,intendedbynaturetobeacheerful,kindlyman….Hehadatthattimenonotionoftryingtoriseintheworld.(27)
☐Indirect(showing)
⏹Thewriterpresentsthecharacterinactionandallowsthereadertoinferwhatkindofpersonthecharacteris.
☐Tobemorespecific,
☐IndirectCharacterization
Thisistheangleorpositionfromwhichthestoryistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofviewforstorytelling:
⏹thefirst-personpointofview
⏹thethird-personpointofview
3variants:
⏹Omniscientpointofview(第三人称)全知视角
⏹limitedomniscient(第三人称)有限视角
⏹objective/dramatic纯客观/戏剧叙事视角
tonereferstotheauthor'sattitude(asnarrator)towardthesubjectofthestoryandthereadersofthestory.
Styleinliteratureistheliteraryelementthatdescribesthewaysthattheauthoruseswords—theauthor'swordchoice,sentencestructure,figurativelanguage,andsentencearrangementallworktogethertoestablishmood,images,andmeaninginthetext.Styledescribeshowtheauthordescribesevents,objects,andideas.
Themeisthecentral,underlying,andcontrollingideaorinsightofaworkofliterature.
theideathewriterwishestoconveyaboutthesubject—thewriter’sviewoftheworldorarevelationabouthumannature.
PoetryDefined
TypesofPoetry
☐PoeticStructure
☐GraphicElements
☐SoundDevices
☐Voice:
“Voice”isthespeakerinapoem.“
☐Dictionisthechoiceofwordsapoetusestobringmeaningacross.Inworkingthroughapoem,itisusefultoquestionwhyacertainwordisused,andwhatkindofeffectisachievedwiththechoiceandplacementoftheword.
☐Analyzeawordbyitsliteralmeaningfirst,thenstatewhetherthereisanimpliedmeaningbasedonitscontext.
☐DenotationandConnotation
Denotation-thestrictdictionarymeaningofaword.
Connotation-theemotionalandimaginativeassociationsurroundingaword.
Example:
Youmayliveinahouse,butweliveinahome.
☐AttheSanFranciscoAirport
ByYvorWinters(1900–1968)
☐Tomydaughter,1954
☐……
☐Thisistheterminal,thebreak.
☐Beyondthispoint,onlinesofair,
☐Youtakethewaythatyoumusttake;
☐AndIremaininlightandstare—
☐Inlight,andnothingelse,awake.
☐“ThereisnoFrigatelikeaBook”
byEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)
☐ThereisnoFrigatelikeaBook快速舰船
☐TotakeusLandsaway
☐NoranyCourserslikeaPage骏马
☐OfprancingPoetry–
☐ThisTraversemaythepooresttake横越
☐WithoutoppressofToll–
☐HowfrugalistheChariot战车
☐ThatbearstheHumanSoul–
☐“London”byWillianBlake
☐Iwanderthro’eachcharter’dstreet,
Nearwherethecharter’dThamesdoesflow.
AndmarkineveryfaceImeet
Marksofweakness,marksofwoe.
☐ThomasPaine:
”Itisaperversionoftermstosay,thatachartergivesrights.Itoperatesbyacontraryeffect,thatoftakingrightsaway.”
☐Connotationsof“charter’d”:
exclusion;theannullingofrights;negativeoperation;giving,selling,andbuyingfreedom.
☐IneverycryofeveryMan,
IneveryInfantscryoffear,
Ineveryvoice:
ineveryban,
Themind-forg’dmanaclesIhear
☐Every:
allincluded,noexception
☐Ban:
constrict,deny,prohibit,punish
☐Mind-forg’d:
ideologicalimprisonment
☐HowtheChimney-sweeperscry
Everyblack’ningChurchappalls,
AndthehaplessSoldierssigh
RunsinblooddownPalacewalls
☐black’ningChurch:
1)blackenedbylong-timesmoking;2)blackenedbybrutalexploitation,lossofpurity,lossofinnocence
☐Thesighingsoldiermetaphoricallystainsthepalacewallwithhisblood,sighbeingawarntothepeoplewholiveinthepalacewalls.
☐Butmostthro’midnightstreetsIhear
HowtheyouthfulHarlotscurse
Blaststhenew-bornInfantstear
AndblightswithplaguestheMarriagehearse
☐thecycleofmiseryrecommences.Sexualandmaritalunion—theplaceofpossibleregenerationandrebirth—aretaintedbytheblightofvenerealdisease.
☐“Marriagehearse”:
avehicleinwhichloveandhappinesscombinewithdeathanddestruction.
☐Imagery
☐Imageryisthepaintingofpicturesinthereader’smindthroughtheuseoflanguage.
☐Becausepoetryissuchacondensedformoflanguage,poetstendtomakegreateruseofimagerythannovelists.
☐JoyceKilmer
t
ttt
rrrr
rrrrrr
eeeeeeeee
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☐eecummings
l(a
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ll
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one
l
iness
☐SiestaofaHungarianSnake
sszszSZszSZszSZzsSZzszsz
☐C.1968
☐EdwinMorgan(b.1920)
☐InaStationoftheMetro
☐Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
☐Petalsonawet,blackbough.
☐EzraPound
☐InaStationoftheMetro
☐TheRedWheelbarrow
☐天净沙.秋思马致远
☐“Sonnet130”byWilliamShakespeare
☐Mymistress’eyesarenothinglikethesun;
Coralisfarmoreredthanherlips’red;
Ifsnowbewhite,whythenherbreastsaredun;
Ifhairsbewires,blackwiresgrowonherhead.
☐visualimages:
Thissonnetcomparesthespeaker’slovertoanumberofotherbeauties—andneverinthelover’sfavor.Hereyesare“nothinglikethesun,”herlipsarelessredthancoral;comparedtowhitesnow,herbreastsaredun-colored,andherhairsarelikeblackwiresonherhead.
☐Ihaveseenrosesdamask’d,redandwhite,
ButnosuchrosesseeIinhercheeks;
Andinsomeperfumesistheremoredelight
Thaninthebreaththatfrommymistressreeks.
☐Inthesecondquatrain,thespeakersayshehasseenrosesseparatedbycolor(“damasked”)intoredandwhite,butheseesnosuchrosesinhismistress’scheeks;andhesaysthebreaththat“reeks”fromhismistressislessdelightfulthanperfume.
☐Ilovetohearherspeak,yetwellIknow
Thatmusichathafarmorepleasingsound;
IgrantIneversawagoddessgo;
Mymistress,whenshewalks,treadsontheground:
☐Inthethirdquatrain,headmitsthat,thoughheloveshervoice,music“hathafarmorepleasingsound,”andthat,thoughhehasneverseenagoddess,hismistress—unlikegoddesses—walksontheground.
☐Andyet,byheaven,Ithinkmyloveasrare
Asanyshebeliedwithfalsecompare.
☐Inthecouplet,however,thespeakerdeclaresthat,“byheav’n,”hethinkshisloveasrareandvaluable“Asanyshebeliedwithfalsecompare”—thatis,anyloveinwhichfalsecomparisonswereinvokedtodescribethelovedone’sbeauty.
☐Thissonnet,oneofShakespeare’smostfamous,playsanelaboratejokeontheconventionsoflovepoetrycommontoShakespeare’sday,anditissowell-conceivedthatthejokeremainsfunnytoday.Sonnet130mocksthetypicalPetrarchanmetaphorsbypresentingaspeakerwhoseemstotakethematfacevalue,andsomewhatbemusedly,decidestotellthetruth.
☐IntroductiontoLiterature(12)
☐HaoGuilian,Ph.D.
☐YunnanNormalUniversity
☐Fall,2015
☐FiguresofSpeech
☐Figuresofspeecharetoolsthatwritersusetocreateimages,or“paintpictures,”inyourmind.
☐Similes,metaphors,andpersonificationarethreefiguresofspeechthatcreateimagery.
☐Simile
☐Asimilecomparestwothingsusingthewords“like”or“as.”
☐Comparingonethingtoanothercreatesavividimage.
☐Metaphor
☐Ametaphorcomparestwothingswithoutusingthewords“like”or“as.”
☐Givesthequalitiesofonethingtosomethingthatisquitedifferent.
☐Personification
☐Personificationgiveshumantraitsandfeelingstothingsthatarenothuman–likeanimalsorobjects.
☐“Iliketoseeitlapth