跨文化交际材料Teaching Materials revised.docx
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跨文化交际材料TeachingMaterialsrevised
TeachingMaterialsforICC
Chapter1
I.InterculturalCommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
•Perceptionisthemeansbywhichwemakesenseofourphysicalandsocialworld.
•Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenableustomakesenseofourworld.–byGamble
II.Thereasonsofstudyinterculturalcommunication
(1).Technologicaldevelopment
Thedevelopmentofnewtransportationandinformationtechnologieshasconnectedallnationsinwaysthatwerepossiblebeforethiscenturyonlyintheimagination.
(2).WidespreadpopulationMigrations
(3).ThechangesintheinternationalbusinesscommunityhavecompelledChinatoreexamineherbusiness.
(4).DevelopmentofMulticulturalism.Culturaldiversityormulticulturalismwillbecomethenorm;nottheexception.Thepublicmustacknowledgeandadjusttodifferencebutbuildoncommonality.
III.Interculturalcommunicationcanincludeinternational,interethnic,interracial,andinterregionalcommunication.
(1)Internationalcommunication
Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.ThedialogueattheUnitedNations,forexample,wouldbetermedinternationalcommunication.IfChineseChairmancommunicateswithU.S.President,wehaveinternationalcommunication,becausethisiscommunicationbetweentwonationsofcountries.
(2)Interethniccommunication
Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.ForexampleinChina,ifaTibetancommunicateswithaHan.wehaveinterethniccommunication,becausetheyarefromdifferentethnicgroups.
(3)Interracialcommunication
Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraceswhichpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics.
Forinstance,ifanAfro-AmericaninteractswithawhiteAmerican,it'sinterracialcommunication,whichmayormaynotbeintercultural.
(4)Interregionalcommunication
Thistermreferstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.Ifanorthernerinteractswithasoutherner,wehavewhatiscalledinterregionalcommunication.Thesearemembersofaculturewhosharecommonmessagesandexperiencesoveralongperiodoftime,butwholiveindifferentregionsofthesamecountry.
Chapter2Culture
I.TheConceptofCulture(resourcefromtheinternet)
—E.B.Tylor(1871)inPrimitiveCulture:
“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofasociety.”
—Lustig&Koester:
“Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedperceptionsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorsofarelativelylargegroupofpeople”
—Gudykunst:
Cultureisourtheoryofthegamebeingplayedin oursociety.Weuseourtheoryofthegamebeingplayedininteractingwiththe otherpeopleweencounter.Ittellsushowtocommunicatewithothersandhow tointerprettheirbehavior.Wegenerallyarenothighlyawareoftherulesofthe gamebeingplayed,butwebehaveasthoughthereisgeneralagreementonthe rules.
—Anthropologists:
thetotalwayofliving
Theword“culture”isoneofthemostfavoredvocabularyofmanandhasbeenlabeledtoalmosteveryaspectofhumansociety.ThereisChinesecultureandAmericanculture,AsiancultureandEuropeanculture,ancientandmodernculture,teacultureandclothingculture,materialcultureandnonmaterialculture,everydaycultureandsophisticatedculture,etc.Culturescouldbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesifviewedfromdifferentperspectives.Sinceourgoalistounderstandtheinteractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,wewilladopttheanthropologicalviewofcultureinourstudyofinterculturalcommunication.AsimpledefinitionofferedbyFerraro(1995)wellservesourpurpose.Hedefinescultureas“everythingthatpeoplehavethinkanddoasmembersofasociety.”Wetakethisasaworkingdefinitionbecauseitisbothinstructiveandinclusive;itcoversallofthethreecomponentsofculture:
materialobjects,beliefsystemsandbehaviorpatterns.AccordingtoFerraroeverythingthatpeoplethinkreferstowhatpeoplehaveintheirmind,suchasideas,valuesandattitudes;whatpeoplehavereferstotheirmaterialpossessions;andwhatpeopledoreferstotheirbehaviorpatterns.“Asmembersofasociety”suggeststhatthesharingofthethreecomponentsisthepassportofone’sadmittanceintoasociety.Figure3.1isamapofthethreecomponentsofculture(adaptedafterFerraro’smodel).
Fromthemapwecanseethatculturepermeateseveryaspectofourlife.Thestudyofculture,therefore,coversalloftheitemsthatcomeundereachcategory.However,whatweareconcernedwithinthisbookareonlythosethingsthatarecloselyrelatedtointerpersonalcommunication,especiallythingsthattendtobedifferentacrosscultures.
☆Cultureislearnedbehavior
Patternsofculturearenotinherentwithanyindividual.Theyarenotgeneticallypasseddownfrompreviousgenerations;rather,theyareacquiredthroughtheprocessoflearningorinteractingwiththeindividual’senvironment.Theprocessofculturalacquisitioniscalledenculturation.Thelearningenvironmentincludesthefamily,neighborhood,schools,socialgroups,physicalsurroundingsetc.Iftheenvironmentisdifferent,theculturethateachindividuallearnsoracquireswillbedifferenttoo.
☆Cultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciously
Itshouldbenotedthatthelearningofcultureisusuallydoneunconsciously.Ourrelationshipwithcultureislikethatbetweenbirdsandthesky,fishandwaterorpeopleandair.Onlywhenwearedeprivedofourowncultureorputintoacompletelynewculturecanwerealizetheimportanceofculturetous.Withoutculturewecannotsurvive.Sincecultureisoftenlearnedunconsciously,weoftenfailtoaccountforourbehavior.Ininterculturalstudies,weshouldmakedeliberateefforttounderstandhowcultureinfluencesourownbehavioraswellasthatofotherpeople.
☆Cultureissharedamongitsmembers
Thelearnedculturalpatternsarenotthepropertyofanyindividualsbutsharedbythemembersofthesamegrouporsociety.WhenwesayAandBcomefromthesameculture,weassumeAandBsharethesamepatternsofliving:
thesamesetofsymbolsusedforcommunication,thesamerulesofspeaking,thesameideaaboutwhatwecanbeeatenasfoodandwhatcannot,thesamebeliefaboutnatureandman,andsoon.Thoughindividualsmayhavedifferentpreferencesoveronewayofconductoranother,theymustshareoneandthesamesystemoutofwhichtheirpersonalchoiceismade.Withinthesamesystem,individualscaneasilyunderstandoneotherandadjustthemselvestotheirsurroundings.Ifweintendtounderstandpeoplefromothercultures,andcommunicateeffectivelywiththem,wemusttrytounderstandtheirwaysofliving.
☆Cultureispersistentandenduring
Cultureisnotcreatedanddevelopedovernight.Itisthedepositofhumanknowledgeandcollectionofbothmaterialandnon-materialwealthcreatedbymanoverthelongprocessofhumancivilization.Thisnatureofculturegivescontinuitytothedevelopmentofacultureandprovidesreinforcementtoitsmembersintheirlifetimelearningoftheculture.
☆Culturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitly
Someaspectsofcultureareeasilyobservableandsomearenot.Thewaysofdressing,talking,andworkingarereadilynoticeable,buttheideasandmotivationsunderlyingthesesuperficialbehaviorsaregenerallyunrecognized.Thestudyofcultureanditspeopleshouldinvolvenotonlythelearningoftheexplicitrulesbutalsothoseimplicitbeliefs,valuesattitudesthatrelatetothem.
☆Cultureisadaptiveandchangeable
Thoughcultureispersistentandenduring,itisnotstatic.Anygreatinventionsandprocessofmankindwillbringaboutchangesinpeople’sideas,wayoflife,modeofbehavioretc.andthesechangesoftentakeplaceonthesuperficiallevelsofaculture,whilethedeepstructures,i.e.ideologicalperceptions,valuesandvalueorientations,worldviewsandbeliefs,arelikelytostayorchangeslowly.Therefore,thestudyofcultureshouldtakeadynamicperspective.Wemustnotassumethatanytraitofcultureisforeverfixed.Thebeliefthatcultureisadaptiveandchangeablealsomakesitpossibleforustolearnaboutnewculturesandadaptourselvestothem.
☆Cultureisrelational
Anycultureisanintegratedentity.Allthecomponentsofcultureareinterrelated.Thechangeofoneaspectofculturewillcertainlybringaboutchangesinotheraspectsaswell.Thestudyofcultureandpeopleshouldalsotakearelationalapproach.Inotherwords,weshouldstudyoneaspectofcultureinrelationtootheraspects.Onlyinthiswaycanwegainatrueunderstandingofacultureanditspeople.
Worldcultureistheideathatastraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferingculturesbreakdown,emphasizingthecommonalityofhumanneeds,oneculturewillemerge,anewculturetowhichallpeoplewilladhere.
II.Metaphorsofculture
—Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin,theskyabirdfliesin,andtheairpeoplelivein.
—Cultureisthesoftwareofourmind.
—Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.
—Cultureislikeaniceberg.
III.Classificationofculture
—highculture
—popularculture
—deepculture
Chapter3Communication
I.Definitio