大学英语四级长篇阅读练习题9.docx

大学英语四级长篇阅读练习题9.docx

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大学英语四级长篇阅读练习题9

　　为备考英语四级的同学们整理了英语四级长篇阅读练习题ˇ希望可以为大家带来帮助ˇ一起来练习一下吧。

　　2019年6月大学英语四级长篇阅读练习题12篇

　　SectionB

　　Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithten

　　statementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneof

　　theparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformation　is

　　derived.

　　Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwitha

　　letter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet

　　2.

　　HowYourLanguageAffectsYourWealthandHealth

　　A.Doesthelanguagewespeakdeterminehowhealthyandrichwewillbe

　　NewresearchbyKeithChenofYaleBusinessSchoolsuggestsso.Thestructureof

　　languagesaffectsourjudgmentsanddecisionsaboutthefutureandthismight

　　havedramaticlong-termconsequences.

　　B.Therehasbeenalotofresearchintohowwedealwiththefuture.For

　　example,thefamousmarshmallow（棉花糖）studiesofWalterMischelandcolleagues

　　showedthatbeingabletoresisttemptationispredictiveoffuturesuccess.

　　Four-year-oldkidsweregivenamarshmallowandweretoldthatiftheydonot

　　eatthatmarshmallowandwaitfortheexperimentertocomeback,theywillget

　　twomarshmallowsinsteadofone.Follow-upstudiesshowedthatthekidswhowere

　　abletowaitforthebiggerfuturerewardbecamemoresuccessfulyoung

　　adults.

　　C.Resistingourimpulsesforimmediatepleasureisoftentheonlywayto

　　attaintheoutcomesthatareimportanttous.Wewanttokeepaslimfigurebut

　　wealsowantthatlastsliceofpizza.Wewantacomfortableretirement,butwe

　　alsowanttodrivethatdazzlingcar,goonthatdreamvacation,orgetthose

　　gorgeousshoes.

　　Somepeoplearebetteratdelayinggratification（满足）thanothers.Those

　　peoplehaveabetterchanceofaccumulatingwealthandkeepingahealthylife

　　style.Theyarelesslikelytobeimpulsebuyersorsmokers,ortoengagein

　　unsafesex.

　　D.Chen'srecentfindingssuggestthatanunlikelyfactor,language,

　　stronglyaffectsourfuture-orientedbehavior.Somelanguagesstrongly

　　distinguishthepresentandthefuture.Otherlanguagesonlyweaklydistinguish

　　thepresentandthefuture.Chen'srecentresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewho

　　speaklanguagesthatweaklydistinguishthepresentandthefuturearebetter

　　preparedforthefuture.Theyaccumulatemorewealthandtheyarebetterableto

　　maintaintheirhealth.Thewaythesepeopleconceptualizethefutureissimilar

　　tothewaytheyconceptualizethepresent.Asaresult,thefuturedoesnotfeel

　　verydistantanditiseasierforthemtoactinaccordancewiththeirfuture

　　interestS.

　　E.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwaysoftalkingaboutthefuture.

　　Somelanguages,suchasEnglish,Korean,andRussian,requiretheirspeakersto

　　refertothefutureexplicitly（明确地）.EverytimeEnglish-speakerstallabout

　　thefuture,theyhavetousefuturemarkerssuchas"will"or"goingto."In

　　otherlanguages,suchasMandarin,Japanese,andGerman,futuremarkersarenot

　　obligatory（强制性的）.Thefutureisoftentalkedaboutsimilartothewaypresent

　　istalkedaboutandthemeaningisunderstoodfromthecontext.AMandarin

　　speakerwhoisgoingtogotoaseminarmightsay"Woqutingjiangzuo,"which

　　translatesto"Igolistenseminar."LanguagessuchasEnglishconstantlyremind

　　theirspeakersthatfutureeventsaredistant.Forspeakersoflanguagessuchas

　　Mandarinfuturefeelscloser.Asaconsequence,resistingimmediateimpulsesand

　　investingforthefutureiseasierforMandarinspeakers.

　　F.Chertanalyzedindividual-leveldatafrom76developedanddeveloping

　　countries.Thisdataincludespeople'seconomicdecisions,suchaswhetherthey

　　savedanymoneylastyear,thelanguagestheyspeakathome,demographics

　　（人口统计资料）,andculturalfactorssuchas"savingisanimportantculturalvalue

　　forme."

　　Healsoanalyzedindividual-leveldataonpeople'sretirementassets,

　　smokingandexercisinghabits,andgeneralhealthinolderage.Lastly,he

　　analyzednational-leveldatathatinchidesnationalsavingsrates,countryGDP

　　andGDPgrowthrates,countrydemographics,andproportionsofpeoplespeaking

　　differentlanguages.

　　G.People'ssavingsratesareaffectedbyvariousfactorssuchastheir

　　income,educationlevel,age,religiousconnection,theircountries'legal

　　systems,andtheirculturalvalues.Afterthosefactorswereaccountedfor,the

　　effectoflanguageonpeople'ssavingsratesturnedouttobebig.Speakinga

　　languagethathasobligatoryfuturemarkers,suchasEnglish,makespeople30

　　percentlesslikelytosavemoneyforthefuture.Thiseffectisaslargeasthe

　　effectofunemployment.Beingunemployeddecreasesthelikelihoodofsavingby

　　about30percentaswell.

　　H.Similaranalysesshowedthatspeakingalanguagethatdoesnothave

　　obligatoryfuturemarkers,suchasMandarin,makespeopleaccumulatemore

　　retirementassets,smokeless,exercisemore,andgenerallybehealthierin

　　olderage.Countries'nationalsavingsratesarealsoaffectedbylanguage.

　　Havingalargerproportionofpeoplespeakinglanguagesthatdoesnothave

　　obligatoryfuturemarkersmakesnationalsavingsrateshigher.

　　I.Atamorepracticallevel,researchershavebeenlookingforwaystohelp

　　peopleactinaccordancewiththeirlong-terminterests.Recent,findings

　　suggestthatmakingthefuturefeelclosertothepresentmightimprove

　　future-orientedbehavior.Forinstance,researchersrecentlypresentedpeople

　　withrenderingsoftheirfutureselvesmadeusingage-progressionalgorithms

　　（算法）thatforecasthowphysicalappearanceswouldchangeovertime.Onegroupof

　　participantssawadigitalrepresentationoftheircurrentselvesinavirtual

　　mirror,andtheothergroupsawanage-morphedversionoftheirfutureselves.

　　Thoseparticipantswhosawtheage-morphedversionoftheirfutureselves

　　allocatedmoremoneytowardahypotheticalsavingsaccount.Theintervention

　　broughtpeople'sfuturetothepresentandasaresulttheysavedmoreforthe

　　future.

　　J.Chen'sresearchshowsthatlanguagestructuresourfuture-related

　　thoughts.Languagehasbeenusedbeforetoaltertimeperceptionwithsurprising

　　effects.EllenLangerandcolleaguesfamouslyimprovedolderpeople'sphysical

　　healthbysimpleinterventionsincludingaskingthemtotalkabouttheeventsof

　　twentyyearsagoasifittheywerehappeningnow.Talkingaboutthepastasif

　　itwerethepresentchangedpeople'smindsetsandtheirmindsetsaffectedtheir

　　physicalstates.Chen'sresearchpointsatthepossibilitythatthewaywetalk

　　aboutthefuturecanshapeourmindsets.Languagecanmovethefuturebackand

　　forthinourmentalspaceandthismighthavedramaticinfluencesonour

　　judgmentsanddecisions.

　　46.Usually,preventingourselvesfromenjoyingimmediatepleasure

　　impulsivelyistheonlywaytoachievetheoutcomesthatareimportantto

　　us.

　　47.Thestructureoflanguagesinfluencesuswhenwearemakingajudgment

　　ordecisionaboutthefuture.

　　48.Speakingalanguagethathasobligatoryfuturemarkersandbeing

　　unemployednearlysharethesamepercentageofdecreasingthelikelihoodof

　　saving.

　　49.Accordingtothewell-knownmarshmallowstudies,peoplewhocanresist

　　temptationtendtobesuccessfulinthefuture.

　　50.PeoplewhospeaklanguageslikeEnglisharemorelikelytofeelthat

　　thefutureeventsaredistant.

　　51.Nationalsavingsratesofcountriesareinfluencedbylanguageas

　　well.

　　52.InChen'srecentresearch,peoplewhospeaklanguagesinwhichthe

　　presentandthefutureareweaklydistinguishedaremorepreparedforthe

　　future.

　　53.Recentfindingsshowthatitispossibletoimprovefuture-oriented

　　behaviorthroughmakingthefuturefeelclosertothepresent.

　　54.Throughsimpleinterventions,EllenLangerandcolleaguesmadethe

　　physicalhealthoftheolderpeoplechangedforthebetter.

　　55.Chenmadeananalysisofindividual-levelstatisticsfrom76developed

　　anddevelopingnations.