运作管理第12版英文版hrom12ismch05.docx
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运作管理第12版英文版hrom12ismch05
Chapter
DesignofGoodsandServices
DiscussionQuestions
1. Explicitdocumentationaccomplishestwothings:
（a） Itprovidestheinformationnecessarytoproduce（capacity,training,routing,costs,etc.）theproductintheappropriatefashion
（b） Iftheproductweproducedoesnotperformasweanticipated,thedocumentationprovidesthebasisforfindingandcorrectingtheproblemsinalogicalmanner.
LO5.5:
DescribehowgoodsandservicesaredefinedbyOM
AACSB:
Analyticalthinking
2. Productdefinitionincludesengineeringdrawings,writtenspecifications,billsofmaterial,formulas,storyboards,portioncontroldocuments,scripts,insurancepolicies,etc.
LO5.5:
DescribehowgoodsandservicesaredefinedbyOM
AACSB:
Analyticalthinking
3. Investment,marketshare,productlifecycle,andbreadthoftheproductlinearealllinkedtotheproductdecision.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Reflectivethinking
4. Onceamanufacturedproductisdefined,thedocumentsusedare:
⏹ Assemblydrawings
⏹ Assemblycharts
⏹ Routesheets
⏹ Jobinstructions
⏹ Standardsmanuals
⏹ Workorders
LO5.6:
Describethedocumentsneededforproduction
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
5. Concurrentengineeringreferstospeedierproductdevelopmentthroughsimultaneousperformanceofthevariousstagesofproductdevelopment.Thewholeapproachisfacilitatedbycross-functionalteams.Itisasystematicapproach,notonlyfordesigningproductsandtheirrelatedprocesses,butitalsoincludesmanufactureandsupport.Itreplacesthetraditionalsequentialengineeringapproachtoproductdesign,whichisfollowedbyprocessdesignandthenproduction.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
6. Jointventuresarecombinedownershipbetweentwofirmstoformanewentitywithanewmission.Alliancesarecooperativeagreementsthatallowfirmstoremainindependent,butusecomplementingstrengthstopursuestrategiesthatsupporttheirindividualmissions.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Reflectivethinking
7. Japanese—integrateproductdevelopmentintooneorganization;Traditional—differentphasesofdevelopmentdoneindistinctdepartments;Champion（orProductManager）—amanagershepherdstheproductthroughthedevelopmentprocess;Teams—productdevelopmentteams,designformanufacturabilityteams,valueengineeringteams.ThislastversionseemstoworkbestintheWest.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Reflectivethinking
8. Robustdesignmeanstheproductisdesignedsothatsmallvariationsinproductionorassemblydonotadverselyaffecttheproduct.
9. CADbenefits:
maintainvariouskindsofengineeringstandards;checkinterferenceonpartsthatmustfittogether;andefficientlyanalyzeexistingandnewdesignsfortechnicalattributessuchasstrength,stress,andheattransfer.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Reflectivethinking
10. Integralityandmodularityareproductarchitecturesthatdealwiththeinterconnectivityofcomponentswithinaproduct.Modularityisthedirectmappingfromfunctionstocomponentsthroughtheuseofstructurallyindependentbuildingmodules.Integralitydealswithdesigndependenciesthatresultinthecouplingofcomponentinterfaces.
Thefirstchallengeinthisregardconcernswithdecomposingthesystem.Then,onehastoconsiderhowtochangeboththemanufacturingprocessesinordertocopewithhighvolumeproduction,repetitiveprocesses,andthejobdesigntocopewiththenewrequirementsoflabordivisionduetodesignindependency.Finally,supplychainhastotakecareofthesourcingdecisions,i.e.,in-houseoroutsourcing.
LO5.5:
DescribehowgoodsandservicesaredefinedbyOM
AACSB:
Analyticalthinking
11. Anengineeringdrawingshowsthedimensions,tolerances,materials,andfinishesofacomponent.
LO5.6:
Describethedocumentsneededforproduction
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
12. Thevoiceofthecustomerisaprocessforcapturingthecustomers’requirements.Itcanbeusedastheprimeinputintheapplicationofqualityfunctiondeploymenttothedesignoftheprograms.
LO5.6:
Describethedocumentsneededforproduction
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
13. Themomentoftruthisthemomentthatexemplifies,
detractsfrom,orenhancesthecustomer’sexpectations.
14. Houseofqualityisarigorousmethodaimedatthatspecificresult.Itidentifiescustomerwants,andrelatesthemtoproductattributesandfirmabilities.Itordersthewantsandmeasuresthestrengthofthelinksbetweenwantsandattributes.
15. Fromthecustomers’pointofview,thereisarealanddirectresponsesimplybecausetheyknowbetterthananyoneelsewhattheywantandwhattheyexpectfromtheproducttheywillbuy.Thefactthatdevelopmentcostsincreasewitheachdesignphase,sometimesexponentially,meansthattheearlierthecustomersareinvolved,thelesscostlywillbethedesignprocess.Thereisalsoabeliefthattheearlierthecustomersareinvolvedinthedevelopmentphase,themoreconstructiveandusefultheirfeedbackwillbecomparedtowhentheproductisatitsfinalphases.Somedisadvantagesarethatthecustomerselectedmaynotbetypicalfortheproductandthattheresponsetimemaytaketoolong.
LO5.2:
Describeaproductdevelopmentsystem
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
16. Processchainisasequenceofstepsthataccomplishesapurposebyprovidingvaluetoprocessparticipants.
LO5.7:
Explainhowthecustomerparticipatesinthedesignanddeliveryofservices
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
17. DirectinteractionsinPCNanalysisarethosestepsthat
involveinteractionbetweenparticipants.SurrogateinteractioninPCNanalysisincludesprocessstepsinwhichoneparticipantisactingonanotherparticipant’sresources.
LO5.7:
Explainhowthecustomerparticipatesinthedesignanddeliveryofservices
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
18.
（a）Interchangeability:
Lightbulbs,machinetools（sliderestlathe）,machineparts（nuts,bolts）
（b）Standardization:
Standardizedtests,ISO9000,ISO14000,InternationalFinancialReportingStandards（IFRS）
（c）Modulardesign:
Lego,Dellcomputersthroughwebsiteordering,McDonald’sfastfood.
LO5.6:
Describethedocumentsneededforproduction
AACSB:
Applicationofknowledge
ActiveModelExercise（answersbasedonuseofscrollbars）
ActiveModel5.1:
DecisionTree
1. ForwhatrangeofprobabilitiesofhighsalesshouldwepurchasetheCADsystem?
Anyprobabilityabove.27
2. “Favorablemarketsales”hasbeendefinedas25,000units.Supposethisisoptimistic.Atwhatvaluewouldwechangeourde-cisionandhireengineers?
19,240
3. “Unfavorablemarketsales”hasbeendefinedas8,000units.Supposethisisoptimistic.Atwhatvaluewouldwechangeour
decisionandhireengineers?
4,160
4. Howdoesthesellingpriceaffectourdecision?
At$73orless,theprofitforbothoptionsbecomesnegative,atwhichpointitisbesttodonothing.
5. HowsensitiveisthedecisiontothemanufacturingcostswithoutCAD?
Atlowcostswehireengineers.AthighcostsweuseCAD.Thebreak-evenpointis$48.
6. HowsensitiveisthedecisiontothemanufacturingcostswithCAD?
AtlowcostswepurchaseCAD,whileathighcostswehireengineers.Thebreak-evenpointis$42.
End-of-ChapterProblems（problemswithasterisksareinMyOMLabonly;problemswith#symbolsarenotinMyOMLab）
5.1（a）Ifoneorbothcomponentsfail,thenthesystemfailsalongwithit/them;inotherwords,bothcomponentsmustnotfailforthesystemtosurvive.
（b）Theprobabilityis（0.9）×（0.8）=0.72.Thismeansthatthechancesofbeingreliableis72%;therefore,theprobabilityoffailureis1–0.72=0.28or28%.
5.2 Possiblestrategies:
SmartWatch（introductoryphase）:
⏹IncreaseR&Dtobetterdefinerequiredproduct
characteristics
⏹Modifyandimproveproductionprocess
⏹Developsupplieranddistributionsystems
Tablet（growthphase）:
⏹Increasecapacityandimprovebalanceofproductionsystem
⏹Attempttomakeproductionfacilitiesmoreefficient
Handcalculator（declinephase）:
⏹Concentrateonproductionanddistributioncostreduction
⏹Attempttodevelopimprovedproduct
⏹Attempttodevelopsupplementaryproduct
⏹Unlessproductisofspecialimportancetooverallcompetitivestrategy,considerterminatingproduction
5.3* “Product-by-value”analysisforproductsA,B,C,D,E:
Individual
Total
Contribution
Contribution
C
Keepthese
D
D
C
A,E
Investigate
B
B
thesefor
A
replacement
E
5.4# Amountbudgeted=€650,000,000
Costofdeveloping15newmodels=15×€20,000,000
=€300,000,000
Costofdevelopingnewplatform=€650,000,000−€300,000,000=€300,000,000
Therefore,numberofcarplatforms=
=3platforms
5.5# Foranexistingorganization,thestudentshouldbuildahouseofquality,enteringthewantsontheleftandenteringthehowsatthetop—asinProblem5.4.Anexampleofahouseofqualityforalunchisshownatright:
5.6#
Source:
AmericanSupplierInstitute;
5.8# Houseofqualitysequenceforicecream:
5.9
（a）
Totalcostofmake,TCm=100,000+25X
Totalcostofbuy,TCb=50X
ForTCm=TCbor100,000+25X=50XorX=4,000units
Therefore,foranannualvolumerangeof0–4,000units,thebuydecisionispreferable,whileforvolumesabove4,000units,themakedecisionismoreeconomical.
（b）Basedontheresultofparta）,themakedecisionismoreeconomicalforavolumeof15,000peryear.
5.10 Anassemblychartfortheeyeglassesisshownbelow:
5.12 Productstructureinthreelev
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