机器人的历史外文翻译资料.docx

机器人的历史外文翻译资料.docx

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机器人的历史外文翻译资料

机械专业外文资料翻译

系别机电工程系

专业机械设计制造及其自动化

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HistoryofRobots

Thenotionofrobotsorrobot-likeautomatescanbetracedbacktomedievaltimes.Althoughpeopleofthateradidn’thaveatermtodescribewhatwewouldeventuallycallarobottheywereneverthelessimaginingmechanismsthatcouldperformhuman-liketasks.

Inmedievaltimes,automatons,human-likefiguresrunbyhiddenmechanisms,wereusedtoimpresspeasantworshippersinchurchintobelievinginahigherpower.

Theautomatons,liketheclockjackpicturedhere,createdtheillusionofself-motion（movingwithoutassistance）.Theclockjackwasamechanicalfigurethatcouldstriketimeonabellwithitsaxe.Thistechnologywasvirtuallyunheardofinthe13thcentury.Soimaginehowaweinspiringanautomatonwastosomeonejustlikeyou!

Inthe18thcentury,miniatureautomatonsbecamepopularastoysfortheveryrich.Theyweremadetolookandmovelikehumansorsmallanimals.Theprettymusicianinthepicturewasbuiltaround1890.Shecanturnherheadfromsidetosidewhileplayingtheinstrumentwithherhandsandkeepingtimewithherfoot.

Inliterature,humankind’svividimaginationhasoftenreflectedourfascinationwiththeideaofcreatingartificiallife.In1818,MaryShellywroteFrankenstein,astoryabouttheconstructionofahuman-likecreature.ForShelly,arobotlookedlikemanbuthadtheabilitytofunctionlikeamachine.Itwasbuiltofhumancomponents,whichcouldbeheldtogetherbynutsandbolts.Noticethereareevenclipstoholdthetopoftheheadtogether!

Shellyconsideredthatarobothadtobebiggerthanaregularpersonandhadtohavesuperhumanstrength.

In1921,KarelCapek,aCzechplaywright,cameupwithanintelligent,artificiallycreatedperson,whichhecalled“robot”.Theword“robot”isCzechforworker,andwasgraduallyincorporatedintotheEnglishlanguagewithoutbeingtranslated.Asyoucansee,evenahundredyearsafterShelly’sFrankenstein,Capek’sideaofarobotisstilloneinwhichthecreationresemblesthehumanform.Youcanseeinthepicturethattherobotlooksmuchmorerigidandmachine-likethanthewomanstandingnexttoit.

Whiletheconceptofarobothasbeenaroundforaverylongtime,itwasn’tuntilthe1940’sthatthemoderndayrobotwasborn,withthearrivalofcomputers.

Thetermroboticsreferstothestudyanduseofrobots;itcameaboutin1941andwasfirstadoptedbyIsaacAsimov,ascientistandwriter.ItwasAsimovwhoalsoproposedthefollowing“LawsofRobotics”inhisshortstoryRunaround:

One,arobotmaynotinjureahumanbeingorthroughinaction,allowahumanbeingtocometoharm.…

Two,（…）arobotmustobeytheordersgivenitbyhumanbeingsexceptwheresuchorderswouldconflictwiththeFirstLaw.…

Three,arobotmustprotectitsownexistenceaslongassuchprotectiondoesnotconflictwiththeFirstorSecondLaws.

IsaacAsimovi

Therobotreallybecameapopularconceptduringthelate1950’sandearly1960’s.Withtheautomotiveindustryinfullexpansionatthattime,industrialrobotswereemployedtohelpfactoryoperators.

Industrialrobotsdonothavetheimaginative,human-likeappearancethatwehavebeendreamingofthroughouttheages.Theyarecomputer-controlledmanipulators,likearmsandhands,whichcanweldorspraypaintcarsastheyrolldownanassemblyline.

Infact,industrialrobotsaresounliketheconceptionofrobotsheldinthepastthatyoumightnotevenrecogniseone.

Didyouknowthatoneofthefirstoperational,industrialrobotsinNorthAmericaappearedintheearly1960’sinacandyfactoryinKitchener,Ontario?

Arobotcangowherehumanscannot.Infact,robotswerecreatedtohelphumans,especiallyinhighriskordangeroussituations.Arobotcandeactivateabomb,gototheedgesofanactivevolcano,transportdangerousmaterials,exploretheoceanfloorandevenperformtasksinthemosthostileenvironmentknowntoman:

space.

Sowhyisspacesuchahostileenvironment?

Firstofall,inspacethereisnooxygen,andtemperaturescanrangefrom120degreesCelsiusinthesunand–100degreesinthedark,whentheEarthblocksthesun.Withouttheproperprotection,likeaspacecraftoreventheEVAsuitusedbyspacewalkers,survivalinspaceisnotpossible.

Whenrepairshavetobemadeoutsideaspacecraft,astronautsaresometimesrequiredtoleavethespaceshuttleortheSpaceStation.Theseextravehicularactivitiesareverydangerous,therefore,robotsareusedtocarryouttasksinspaceinordertolimitthenumberofextravehicularactivitiesUndertaken.

Whatdoesaspacerobotlooklike?

Aswehavediscovered,today’srobotsdonotnecessarilyresemblehumans.Ahumanismadeupofanumberofdifferentvisiblecomponents,likeahead–wherethebrainsendsmessagestotherestofthebody;armsandhandstograspandmanoeuvreobjects;atorsotowhichallofthecomponentsareattachedandlegstomove.Oh!

Anddon’tforgettheears,eyes,andmouthtohearseeandcommunicate!

RobotsneedallthesedifferentcomponentstoOperate.

AnumberofrobotsmakeuptheMobileServicingSystem.TheMobileServicingSystemisCanada’scontributiontotheInternationalSpaceStation.CanadacreatedtheMobileServicingSystemtohelpintheconstructionoftheSpaceStation;itwillfirstbuildtheSpaceStationandthenhelpmaintaintheStationthroughoutitslifetime.

Justlikehumanshaveabrainthatsendsmessagestotherestofthebody;Thereisamaincomputerthatcommunicateswiththeroboticsystem.

TheSpaceStationRemoteManipulatorSystem（SSRMS）,Canada’snewroboticarm,willbeabletoliftandmoveobjectsthesizeandmassoftheSpaceShuttle.ThecrewofSTS-100withCanadianSpaceAgencyAstronautChrisHadfieldwilldeliverandinstallthenewarmtotheInternationalSpaceStationasitorbitshighabovetheEarth.ThissecondgenerationCanadarmis

Canada’sprimarycontributiontotheStation.

TheSpaceVisionSystem（CSVS）,anothercriticalpieceofCanadianroboticsinnovation,iscomprisedofseveralcamerasandtargets.ThesearelocatedinkeyareasoftheSpaceStationandontheroboticarm;itwillservetopinpointtheexactmovementandlocationofcomponentsforthebuildingandmaintenanceoftheStation.So,astronautsfrominsidetheSpaceStationareabletooperatetheMobileServicingSystembyusingthisSpaceVisionSystem.

AsidefromtheCSVS,thenextCanadianrobottobebroughttospaceistheSSRMS.WhenitisbroughttospacetobeinstalledtotheSpaceStationduringSTS-100,itspredecessor,theCanadarmwillliftitfromthepayload（theinside）ofSpaceShuttleEndeavourandbringittotheInternationalSpaceStation.Thiswillbethefirstinaseriesofhandshakesinspaceperformedbytheserobots.

Staytunedformoreexcitingfactsaboutrobots…

First,Iexplainthebackgroundrobots,robottechnologydevelopment,Itshouldbesaiditisacommonscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentofacomprehensiveresults,for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science andtechnology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War tostrengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development.But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable resultof human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development ofhumanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding andreconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this isthe slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manuallabor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformationof this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.

Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed toregarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, alsoknown as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of amechanical degrees of freedom  Through teaching and information storedprocedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive sothe robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kindof movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spotwelding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work  It has theexternal environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of thework piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact fromthe first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, thelate 1970s, people started to study the second-generationrobot, called Robot with thefeeling that  This feeling with the robot is similar infunction of a certain feeling, forinstance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that withll kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size ofa feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, colorGrasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advancedstage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do,it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of thisman-machine communication function and function  Well, this current developmentor relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance ofthe integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we contin