语言学整理.docx
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语言学整理
1.①“哎,几点了”②“不好意思,打搅一下,请问您戴表了吗”
1)thefirstisadirectspeechact;inacasualway;
/alittleimpoliteorevenrudebyusingtheword“哎”toattractmyattention.
2)thesecondisanindirectspeechact;inquirestimebyusingthequestion“请问您戴表了吗”,denotingtheimplicaturethatwhathewantstoknowisnotwhetherIwearawatchbuttime.
/usesanappropriatepragmaticstrategyandpresentsstrongcommunicativecompetence.eg:
不好意思,打搅一下
Thecrucialdistinctionintheuseofthesetwotypesofspeechactsisbasedonthefactthatindirectcommandsorrequestsaresimplyconsideredmoregentleormorepoliteinoursocietythandirectcommands.
2.Statement:
Instudyingothercultures,wedosofromtheperspectiveofourownculture.
考点:
languageandculture.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
1)Whatthishypothesissuggestsislikethis:
ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagemayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.
2)Twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthistheory.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheotherhand,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Therefore,thehypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoaslinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.
3)Thenotionthatlanguagedeterminesthoughtmaybepartiallycorrect,insomeextremelylimitedway,butitfailstotakeintoaccountthefactthatusersofalanguagedonotinheritafixedsetofpatternstouse.Theyinherittheabilitytomanipulateandcreatewithalanguage,inordertoexpresstheirperceptions.
4)Therefore,wecansaythatinstudyingothercultures,wedosotosomeextentfromtheperspectiveofourownculture.例子:
cousininEnglish
对应中文的“表兄弟”“堂兄弟”“姐妹”“表姐妹”
wifeinEnglish对应“妻子,老婆,内人”
3.Drillsofthefollowingsentences:
Doyouknowwheremybookis?
Doyouknowwhattimeitis?
Butthestudentsstillcameuptotheteacherandasked,DoyouknowwhereisMrs.Smith?
Whatdoyouthinkisthereasonforthemisuse?
Wasthelessonawasteoftime?
Whyorwhynot?
考点:
ErrorAnalysis
1)Thereasonforthismisusecanbeexplainedwithstructuralistviewtowardlearninganderror.Thestructuralistlinguistsfollowthebahavioristicviewthattolearnistochangeoldhabitsandbuildnewhabits.Intheiropinion,errorsoccurwhenthelearnersfailstorespondcorrectlytoaparticularstimulusinthesecondlanguagebecausethefeaturesofthesecondlanguagedifferfromthoseofthenativelanguageandthelearnertendstocarryoverfeaturesofthenativelanguageintothesecondlanguage.Inotherwords,thelearnerfailstochangehisoldhabitssoastoacquirenewhabitsofthesecondlanguage.Sinceanerrormayserveasanegativestimuluswhichreinforcesbadhabits,soitshouldnotbeallowedtooccur.
2)Therefore,thestudentdoesnotformtheEnglishhabitstouseindirectquestionsundertheinfluenceofhisnativelanguagehabits.
3)Thedisadvantagesofthedrillpractice
Viewedasakindofinputanditplaysanimportantroleintheprocessofforminganewhabit,sonotawasteoftime;
butitisperformedoutofrealsituationandfailstodevelopstudent’scommunicativecompetence;
otherapproaches:
communicativeapproach,grammar-translation;directapproach;etc
4.Whatdoyouthinkthedifferencesbetweenagoodlanguagelearnerandapoorlanguagelearner?
Ifweknowwhatstrategiesgoodlanguagelearnersuse,doesitfollowthatteachingso-calledpoorlanguagelearnerstousethosestrategieswillresultintheirsuccessfullanguagelearning?
Whyorwhynot?
(Otherthanlearningstrategies,otherfactorsthatmakeagoodlanguagelearner)
考点:
learningstrategiesofagoodlearner:
小红书P171一共14条
Otherfactors:
1)affectivefactors(empathy,anxiety,inhibition,risk-taking,motivation,attitudeandpersonality)
2)cognitivefactors(themechanicsofhowanindividuallearnssomething)
3)socialfactors(instruction,environmentalandfeedback)
4)agedifferences
5)theroleofthefirstlanguage(inference)
5.Thedifferencesbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence
1)LinguisticcompetenceoriginallycomesfromNoamChomsky.Itreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.However,itdidnot,accordingtoHymes,accountsufficientlyforthesocialandfunctionalrulesoflanguage.
2)
①Hymes’communicativecompetence,then,istheaspectofcompetencethatenablesthespeakerstoconveyandinterpretmessagesandtonegotiatemeaningsinterpersonallywithinspecificcontexts.
②Communicativecompetenceisrelative,notabsolute,anddependsonthecooperationofalltheparticipantsinvolved.
③Communicativecompetenceincludesnotonlytheabilitytoformcorrectsentencesbuttousethematappropriatetimes.
④Thebasicideaofcommunicativecompetenceistheabilitytouselanguageappropriately,bothreceptivelyandproductively,inrealsituations.
eg.Thetwoformsof“you”inChinese,hemaydrawspecialattentiontodifferentcontextsinwhichtheyareused.
3)Communicativecompetencecanbedefined,intermsofthreecomponents.Thefirstisgrammaticalcompetence,whichinvolvestheaccurateuseofwordsandstructures.Thesecondissociolinguisticcompetence,whichenablesthelearnertoknowtospeakproperlyaccordingtothesocialcontext.Thethirdiscalledstrategiccompetence,theabilitytoovercomepotentialcommunicationproblemsininteraction.
6.Sense,DenotationandReference
考点:
①小红书P71Sense&Reference
②Sensehasconceptualmeaning.Thedistinctionbetweensenseandreferencecanbecomparabletothatbetweenconnotationanddenotation.Theformerreferstotheabstractpropertiesofanentity,whichthelatterreferstotheconcreteentitieshavingtheseproperties.
③Tosomeextent,wecansayeverywordhasasense;otherwisewewillnotbeabletouseitorunderstandit;butnoreverywordhasareference.Wordslikeghostordragonrefertoimaginarythings,whichdonotexistinreality.
7.给出六个句子,分成两组形成对比,即间接表达与直接表达的区别。
PleaseexplainwhatyourunderstandingofpolitenessisintheChineseculture.
1)AccordingtoBrownandLevinsonandlaterLeech,indirectspeechactsweremorepoliteanddirectonesbecausetheyminimizethedegreeoffacethreateningactsandthussavethehearer’sface.Gricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.(接下来就是具体分析每个实例)
2)IntheChineseculture,politenesscanbeexpressedbymanymeans.
1.differenttermsofaddressmaybeusedtoexpresspoliteness.(eg)
2.presentedbyusingindirectspeechacts(eg)
8.Differencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimal’swaysofcommunicating
考点:
1)languageisdifferentfromanimalcommunication(阐述观点)
2)designfeatures:
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Thefollowingarethefrequentlydiscussedones:
3)arbitrariness,creativity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission(每个详述)
9.Cohesion
考点:
语篇衔接问题,衔接是个语义概念,它指的是语篇中语言成分之间的语义联系,或者说是语篇中一个成分与另一个可以与之相互结识的成分之间的关系。
当语篇中一个成分的含义依赖于另一个成分的解释时,便产生衔接关系。
Cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax.Ddiscoursalcohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingvariouscohesivedevices:
Conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,reference,logicalconnection,substitutionandsoon.
10.Chunks
考点:
举例;给chunk下定义;为什么中国学生用“inthecampus”而不是用“oncampus”;theadvantageofusingchunks;pedagogicalimplicationsdrawingfromthemistake
1)eg.“forinstance”“intermsof”“infact”“carryout”
2)Chunks,alsoknownasroutines,refertoasegmentoflanguagemadeupofseveralmorphemesorwordswhichareusedandlearnedasiftheyareasingleitem.
3)Reason:
negativetransferofChinese.InChinese,theysay“在校园里”ratherthan“在校园上”.Theyusuallytranslate“里”intoEnglish“in”ratherthan“on”
4)Itwillhelpyouformanewpurespeakinghabit.Themorechunksyoucanusecorrectly,themoreabilityyouhavetospeakalanguage.
5)Thismistakeiscausedbynegativetransferofmothertongue.Consequently,acontrastiveanalysisofthelearner’snativelanguageandthetargetlanguagehasandthisinturndetermineswhatthelearnerhastolearnandwhattheteacherhastoteach.Sincelanguagelearnershavedifferentmothertongues,theteachinghastovaryaccordingly.Chunksteachingcanalsohelplearnerstoremovenegativetransfer,andformagoodhabitofspeakingasecondlanguage.
11.Readingstrategies
考点:
Rereading;predicting;verifying;
retelling;clarifying;motivating;eliciting
12.分析句子——为什么可以省略主语
a.Hopeyoulikeeverythinghere.
b.Justimaginewhathasjusthappenedhere.
考点:
1)syntacticpointofview,manysubjectsarepossible,eg,he,we,people.
2)accordingtopragmatics,contextplaysakeyroleincommunication.
(把两个句子具体结合语境分析,fromspeakerandhearer)
13.EntailmentandPresupposition(并分析句子)
1)Inpragmatics,entailmentistherelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone(A)requiresthetruthoftheother.Noticealsothatif(B)isfalse,then(A)mustnecessarilybefalse.
2)Apresuppositionisanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldwhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse.
3)Entailmentdiffersfrompresuppositioninthatinpresupposition,thetruthofwhatoneispresupposingistakenforgranted.Asimpletesttodifferentiatepresuppositionfromentailmentisnegation.Forexample,bothThekingofFranceisillandThekingofFranceisnotillpresupposesthatthereisakinginFrance.However,Thepres