unit 14课后练习.docx

unit 14课后练习.docx

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unit14课后练习

LovingandHatingNewYork练习题答案/answer

Ⅰ.

　1.Olmsted:

FrederickLawOlmstedJr.（1870--1975）,Americanlandscapearchitect.AHarvardgraduate（1894）,hestudiedunderhisfather,FredcrickLawOlmsted,andbeganpracticeaslandscapearchitectin1895.HewaslandscapearchitectfortheMetropolitanParkSystemofBoston,1898--1920;BaltimoreParkandParkCommission,1902--1917;memberoftheNationalCapitalParkandPlanningCommissionin1929,andagainfrom1945.Heactedinconsultingcapacityforanddesignedportionsoftheparksorotherpublicimprovementsofmanytownsandcitiesandnumerousinstitutions,landsubdivisions,andprivateproperties.AmonghisdesignsinWashingtonD.C.werethoseforRockCreekandAnacostiaParks,theMall,andtheWhiteHousegrounds.Hewrotenumerousarticlesandreportsonprofessionalsubjects.

2.Bach:

JohnSebastianBach（1685--1750）,Germancomposerandorganist,oneofthegreatestandmostinfluentialcomposersoftheWesternWorld.Hebroughtpoly-phonicbaroquemusictoitsculmination,creatingmasterfulandvigorousworksinalmosteverymusicalformknowninhisperiod.Bornintoagiftedfamily,Bachwasdevotedtomusicfromchildhood;hewastaughtbyhisfatherandlaterbyhisbrotherJohannChristophe.Hiseducationwasacquiredlargelythroughindependentstudies.

　SincefewofBach'smanyworkswerepublishedinhislifetime,exactdatescannotbefixedforallofthem,butmostcanbeplacedwithsomecertaintyintheperiodsofhislife.AtArnstadtandMiihlhausenhebeganaseriesoforgancompositionsthatculminatedinthegreatworksoftheWeimarperiod;thePassacagliaandFugueinCMinor.AtCothenheconcentratedoninstrumentalcompositions,especiallykeyboardworks:

theChromaticFantasyandFugue;theEnglishSuites;andBookIofthecelebratedTheWell-Tempered-Clavier.HealsowroteseveralunaccompaniedviolinSonatasandcellosuites,andtheBrandenburgConcertos,recognizedasthebestconcertigrossievercomposed.AsmusicaldirectorofStThomasatLeipzig,hecomposedmanyofhissuperbreligiouscompositions,theChristmasOratorio,theSt.MatthewPassion,etc.TheprincipalkeyboardworksofthisperiodwereBookⅡofTheWell-TemperedClavierandthefourbooksofclavierpiecesintheClavierubung,whichincludes:

sixpartitas（1726--1731）;theItalianConcertoandthePartitainBminor（1735）;andtheGoldbergVariations.

　Thebulkofhisworkisreligious.Inaddition,hecomposedanastonishingnumberofinstrumentalworks,manyofthemdesignedfortheinstructionofhisnumerouspupils.Inhisinstrumentalandchoralworksheperfectedtheartofpolyphony,displayinganunmatchedcombinationofinventivenessandcontrolinhisgreat,stridingfugues.Duringhislifetime,Bachwasbetterknownasanorganistthanasacomposer.Fordecadesafterhisdeathhisworkswereneglected,butinthe19thcenturyhisgeniuscametoberecognized,particularlybyromanticcomposerssuchasMendelssohnandSchumann.Sincethattimehisreputationhasgrownsteadily.

Ⅱ.

　1.No,hishometownisSeattle,aseaportinwestcentralWashingtonStateonPugetSound.Seeparagraph4.

　2.ThesesignsshowthatNewYorkisnolongertheleadingcityintheUnitedStates.

　3.NewYorknolongerbegetsthestylesandsetsthetrends.Itisnolongerapacesetter.

　4.Othercitieshavebuildingsmoreinspiredarchitecturally.Thecenterofmusicandsportshavealsoshiftedtoothercities.AsatouristattractionitisinferiortoNewOrleans,SanFrancisco,WashingtonorDisneyland.Finally,therearemanybettercitiestoliveinthanNewYork.

　5.TheEuropeanscallNewYorktheirfavoritecitybecausetheylikeitscosmopolitancomplexities,itssurvivingEuropeanstandardsanditsalienmixtures.Perhapssomeofthemarereassuredbytheinternationalnamesofjewelers,shoestoresanddesignershops.ButwhatmostexcitesEuropeansisthecity'scharged,nervousatmosphere,itsvulgardynamism.

　6.TimwriterwenttoNewYorkbecausehelikestolivethereandhecouldpracticethekindofjournalismhewantedinthatcity.

　7.TheyoungpeoplegotoNewYorktotestthemselvesandtoavoidgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableoftheirtalents.InNewYorktheyalsofindthecompanyofmanyotheryoungpeoplesimilarlyfleeingfromtheconstrictingatmosphereofsmallercities.

　8.NewYorkisstillthebankingandcommunicationsheadquartersforAmerica.Thenetworks'newscentres,thelargestbookpublishers,thebiggestmagazines,theadagenciesareallhere,appraisingandratifyingthefilms,theplays,themusic,thebooksthatothershavecreated.

　9.Newcomerscanfindorformtheirlittlegroupsand,thoughthesegroupslieclosetoeachother,thereisnocontactorintercoursebetweengroups.Thisgivesthecityitssenseoffreedom.

　10.Despiteallthefaultsofthecity,aNewYorkerstillpreferstoliveinNewYorkbecausehepreferstheunhealthyhassleandvitalityofurbanlife.WhathefindsattractiveaboutNewYorkisitsrawness,tension,urgency;itsbracingcompetitiveness;therigorofitsjudgments;andthecongested,democraticpresenceofsomanyotherNewYorkers,encasedintheirownworlds.

　11.Itisinfactthefirsttrulyinternationalmetropolisbecausehereonefindsamuchwidermixtureofnationalities---Asians,Africans,LatinsandallvarietiesofEuropeans.

Ⅲ.

　1.Thisarticleisapieceofexpositorywriting.Themainthemeorthesisisstatedbythetitle"LovingandHatingNewYork",ormorespecifically,bythefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph:

“LovingandhatingNewYorkbecomesamatterofalternatingmoods,ofteninthesameday."

　2.GriffithdevelopshismainthesisbybothobjectiveandemotionaldescriptionofNewYorkandthelifeandstruggleofNewYorkers.Itisveryeffective.（Seetheanswerto4.）

　3.ThisarticleisfullofAmericanEnglishterms,phrasesandconstructions.SuchasT-shirt,hassle,plush,holdout,comeback,putdown,measureup,expense-account,etc.

　4.ThewriterstatesthathebothlovesandhatesNewYork,butthereaderfailstoseewhereorwhyhehatesNewYork.ItisclearthatGriffithlovesNewYorkandfeelsexhilaratedlivingthere.Hemaysometimesfeelexasperatedbutthisfeelingisneverstrongenoughtoturntohate.ThewritershowshisloveforNewYorkwiththewordssuchasenergy,contention,striving,etc.

　5.Thefirstfiveparagraphsactasageneralintroduction,settingforththepresentstatusofNewYorkcityintheUnitedStatesandintheeyesofforeigners.Thelastsentenceofparagraph5alsoactsasatransitiontothe"actualdescriptionsofNewYorkcityitself:

"thecharged,nervousatmosphere,itsvulgardynamism"ofthelastlineofparagraph5leadstothe"energy,contention,andstriving"inthefirstlineofparagraph6.

　6.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph8isthefirstsentence."Nature’spleasuresaremuchqualifiedinNewYork."Thewriterusesmanyexamplestodevelopthisparagraphandtobackupthestatementmadeinthetopicsentence.

　7.InNewYork,ashrewdunderstandingorabilitytoappraisethingsisappreciatedandpaidfor,andskillandlearningbythemselvesarenotconsideredvaluable.

8.Free.Student’schoice.

Ⅳ.

　1.NowadaysNewYorkcannotunderstandnorfollowthetasteoftheAmericanpeople.

　2.NewYorkboaststhatitisacitythatresiststheprevailingtrends（styles,fashion）ofAmerica.

　3.SituationcomediesmadeinHollywoodandtheactualperformanceofJohnnyCarsonnowreplacethescheduledradioandTVprogramsforCalifornia.

　4.NewYorkisregainingsomewhatitsstatusasacitythatattractstourists.

　5.ApersonwhowinsinNewYorkisconstantlydisturbedbyfearandanxiety（becauseheisafraidoflosingwhathehaswoninthefiercecompetition）.

　6.Thechancetoenjoythepleasuresofnatureisverylimited.

　7.AtnightthecityofNewYorkisaglowwithlightsandseemsproudlyandhaughtilytodarkenthenightsky.

　8.ButapureandwholehearteddevotiontoaBohemianlifestylecanbeexaggerated.

　9.Inboththeserolesofbankingandcommunicationsheadquarters,NewYorkstartsororiginatesveryfewthingsbutgivesitsstampofapprovaltomanythingscreatedbypeopleinotherpartsofthecountry.

　10.Thetelevisiongenerationwasconstantlyandstronglyinfluencedbyextravagantpromotionaladvertising.

　11.Authorswritinglongseriousnovelsearntheirlivinginthemeantimebyalsowritingarticlesforpopularmagazines.

　12.Broadway,whichseemedunabletoresistthecheap,gaudyshowsputoninthesurroundingareas,isonceagainbusyandactive.

　13.（IfyoutellaNewYorkeraboutthevigorofoutdoorpleasures,hewillreplythat）hepreferstheunhealthyturmoilandanimatedlifeofacity.

　14.Thosewhofailedinthestruggleoflife,thedown-and-outs,arenothiddenawayinslumsorghettoeswhereotherpeoplecan'tseethem.

　15.NewYorkconstantlyirritatesandannoysverymuchbutattimesitalsoinvigoratesandstimulates.

Ⅴ.Seethetranslationofthetext.

Ⅵ.

　1.holdout:

（Americanism）aplacethatholdsout;holdout=continueresistance;standfirm;notyield

　2.live:

transmittedduringtheactualperformance

　3.charged:

tense;intense

　4.put-down:

（Americanslang）abelittlingremarkorcrushingretort

　5.foothold:

asecurepositionfromwhichitisdifficulttobedislodged

　6.measureup:

（Americanism）provetobecompetentorqualified

　7.jingle:

aversethatjingles;jinglingarrangementofwordsorsyllables

　8.expense-account:

（Americanism）anarrangementwherebycertainexpensesofanemployeeinconnectionwithhisworkarepaidforbyhisemployer

　9.illustra