托福阅读教学大纲.docx

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托福阅读教学大纲

托福阅读

I.要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习,长期坚持。

II.分析选项改写的思路

III.考试时间策略

BASICSKILLS:

SKIMMING

SCANNING

INFERENCE

QUICKRESPONDING

ENIMILATING

OPERATINGPC

UnderstandingfactsanddetailsF&D

IdentifyingnegativefactsNEG

UnderstandingvocabularyincontextVOCAB

MakinginferencesINF

DeterminingpurposePRP

RecognizingparaphrasesPRPH

RecognizingcoherenceCOH

SummarizingimportantideasSM

OrganizinginformationOI

阅读基本原则:

1.文章结构观念,为总结题做准备

2.小定位,有目的阅读原则

3.读懂前后句,上下文原则

4.选项“关键点”验证原则

5.最佳答案原则,可能都不确信,但是选择对不怀疑的。

“两利相权取其重,两害相权取其轻。

陷阱类型

1.主被动

2.因果倒置

3.先后颠倒

4.正话反说

After1815,...→priorto1815

5.

单词题

1.构词法以及单词题

内容:

a.基本构词法---17页图片前缀解题原则exceptional-extraordinary;illuminate-light;heterogeneous-varied;proliferation-growth;superseded-replaced

构词法:

440题;

官方核心词汇400;

近义词总结归纳

“正负向”分析,前缀归类

最终只是解题线索,辅助手段

b.70%是基本含义,可以直接选;但是30%要依赖语境;所以保险的策略C

c.语境优先原则:

把单词带回文章,自己给出一个最接近的近义词;

然后用自己的理解词对应选项;

绝对不要先看选项,很可能“先入为主”,掉进陷阱;

即使自己对5个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。

d.原文语境很可能有一个词语对应正确选项,这取决于文章逻辑呼应的思路,例如:

正确答案很可能是我们不熟悉的第二第三义项

Contextclues:

BE

Asupernovaisa...

OR

Theinclinationortiltoftheearth...

Askyscraper,orbuildingmorethantwentystorieshigh,...

APPOSITIVE

Thermalpowerstationsaredesignedtopassasmuchenergyaspossiblefromthefueltotheturbines,machineswhosebladesareturnedbythemovementofthesteam.

Adjectiveclauseorphrase

Thesuncrossestheequatortwiceayearattheequinoxes,whendayandnightsarenearlyequalinlength.

Prescribedfire,ignitedbyforestrangersundercontrolledconditionstorestorebalanceintheforest,isasafe

waytomimicnaturalfireconditions.

Theradiatingsurfaceofthesuniscalledthephotosphere,andjustaboveitisthechromosphere,whichis

visibletothenakedeyeonlyduringtotalsolareclipses,appearingthentobeapinkish——violetlayer.

LISTorSERIES

Becauseoftheirsimilarteeth,sealsandwalrusesarebelievedtohaveevolvedfromthesameancestral

groupsastheweasels,badgers,andothermustelids.

Ifsomeoneissaidtohave“achiponhisshoulder,”heisangry,pugnacious,sullen,andlookingfortrouble.

EXAMPLE

Forexample,forinstance,like,suchas

Severalpersonnelmanagerscomplainaboutthelagofbusinesscollegesineliminatingobsoleteskills.For

instance,shorthandisstilltaughtinmanysecretarialprogramsalthoughitisrarelyused.

Intangibleassets,suchasacompany'srecognizednameanditsgoodwill,areneitherphysicalnorfinancialin

nature.

CONTRAST

alternativelydifferentinsteadratherbuthoweverneverthelessunlike

converselyincontrastonthecontrarywhereasdespiteinspiteofontheotherhand

while

Forexample

1.Twilightraysarenearlyparallel,butbecauseoftheobserver'sperspective,theyappeartodiverge.

2.Songbirdsareearlyrisersandremainactivethroughouttheday,exceptduringthewarmesthoursin

summer.Owls,onthe0theFhand,areprimarilynocturnal.

Unlikesunpillars,whicharecausedbyreflectionoflight,arcsandhaloesarecausedbyrefractionoflight

throughicecrystals.

标点符号

;并列:

-,___,双逗号之间,(),解释

Example

Crepuscularrays--alternatingbrightanddarkraysinthesky―appeartoradiatefromthesun.

Virtuallyeverycommunitycollegenowofferscontracteducation:

short-termprograms,rangingfromafew

hourstoseveraldays,foremployeesofspecificcompanies,whichpaysashareofthecost.

Folatesupplementationbeforeandduringpregnancycanpreventcertaindefectsofthebrainandspine,

suchasanacephaly(absenceofamajorpartofthebrain).

e.KEYWORDS----cluefornewwords

Accessoriesaddinteresttoaroom.Theycanaccentorhighlightanareaandgivearoom,beautyand

personality.

Lightoutput,measuredinlumens,dependsontheamountofelectricityusedbyabulb.

f.排除法

g.“相同全舍”原则

h.相对概念,文中一般有对应表达

AbuHureyrawasfoundedabout9500B.C.,asmallvillagesettlementofcrampedpitdwellings(housesdugpartiallyinthesoil)withreedroofssupportedbywoodenuprights.

Q6Theword“cramped”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○primitive○secure○extended○confined

作业:

TPO18-24里面的单词题

遇到生词,老是“卡壳”

1.不要纠结,实在不认识,先跳过,不重要不看-科技型词汇

2.如果特别重要,结合前后单词理解

3.理解到哪类事物,正负态度即可

句子改写题-recognizingparaphrases

2.长难句以及句子改写题

A.出题理念:

快速抓住关键信息,理顺逻辑关系

B.表达特征:

paraphrasingwithsynonyms,sentencestructure,synonymsclues,pronounclues

OriginalSentence

Cultureconsistsofthelanguage,values,norms,andartifactsthatdefineanduniteasociety.

Thesecanbespreadfromonesocietytoanotherthroughculturecontact

Paraphrase

Contactwithotherculturesisawayofspreadinglanguage,values,norms,andartifacts.

OriginalSentence

Inl889.anAustrianPhysicistnamedErnstMachcreatedasystemofnumbersformeasuring‘'supersonic”

speeds.Thisiswhy,whenaplanetravelsataspeedfasterthanthespeedofsound,itsspeedisreferredtoas

Machl

Paraphrase

AplanemovingfasterthanthespeedofsoundhasaspeedofMach1,aftertheinventorofthenumbering

system.

C.长难句思路和练习题(自己的资料)

D.该题型思路总结:

A)只看本句

B)语法结构分析阅读法

C)长句分层次,短句找主干,

D)抓住关键信息点

E)

使用符号图解法:

ABC

F)重视标点符号,:

—()

G)理清关键信息之间的逻辑关系,例如因果,列举,转折,递进等,关注关联词和从句标志

H)正确选项:

原文关键信息不能省略掉,但可以概括;信息点之间的逻辑关系必须与原文一致;

I)近义词替代

J)错误选项:

忽略关键信息;关键信息错误(F);关键信息原文未提及(NG)

K)适当运用排除法,尤其针对原文又长又乱的题目

L)细节信息可以省略

Ifthewatertableintersectsthelandsurface,groundwaterwillflowoutontothesurfaceatsprings,eithertobecollectedthereortosubsequentlyflowfartheralongadrainage.

Wherethewatertablemeetsthelandsurface,groundwaterflowsoutthroughsurfacesprings.

M)

E.

内容及作业:

自己的资料

TPO18-24里面的句子改写题

3.事实细节题

A.题目问道文章中的一个细节,

事实:

真实发生-正在发生、已经发生、正确、有时是一个支持细节

细节:

比较具体的信息,例如事例,原因,统计数字,一段描写,一副插图

表达形式:

B.USEFULSKILLS:

SKIMMING

SCANNING

SCROLLING

C.TRANSITIONS

D.PARAPHRASING---分析选项改写的思路

改写方法

例子

同义词

Asameteorologicalterm,“eye”describesacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm.

Asameteorologicalconcept“eye”referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance.

语态

主动/被动

Intheeyeofahurricane,youmayexperiencelight,variablewinds.

Intheeyeofahurricane,light,variablewindsmaybeexperienced.

词形或句子结构

Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular,itisdifficulttoobserve.

Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea.

短语/分词结构

However,theeyeofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonsizeandspeed.

However,theyofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonhowbigtheyareandhowfasttheygo.

P:

TonyaskedRosetogoshopping

Q:

Tonywasaskedtogoshopping

E.WRONGANSWERCHOICES

Rightbutnotansweringquestions

FALSE

INACURATE

NG

F.PROCEDURE:

SPIinQ-CHOICESTUDY-LOCATING-JUDGING&ELIMINATING

G.RELATEDEX

PAGES20-28

4.选非题-NEG-identifyingnegativeinformation

A.一篇文章一道题,或没有

B.难度较低,考察能力:

快速定位,简单分析理解

C.题干定位

D.大多针对列举类信息,例如:

事物列举:

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedin...asadisadvantageofthe...?

Allofthefollowingarementioned...EXCEPT

...allofthefollowingcouldbeseen...EXCEPT

性质/特征:

...whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueof...

...allofthefollowingcharacterize...EXCEPT

起因:

...isaffectedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT

...eachofthefollowingcontributesto...EXCEPT

...believesthatallofthefollowingcontributed(positively)to...EXCEPT

...allofthefollowingarereasonswhy...EXCEPT

结果影响:

...allofthefollowingareproblemsthat...ToovercomeEXCEPT

...providesallofthefollowingessentialfunctionsfor...EXCEPT

解决方案:

...allofthefollowingarementionedin...aswaysthat...EXCEPT

...whichofthefollowingwasNOTnecessaryfor...EXCEPT

分布位置

...inallofthefollowinggeographicareasEXCEPT?

结合细节:

...answersallofthefollowingquestionsabout...EXCEPT

...allofthefollowingstatementscomparedthecaravelwiththegalleyaretrueEXCEPT

E.Contradictory/notmentioned/given

F.D-A逆序

G.排除法,排除正确信息,有同学容易“晕”

H.直接矛盾;NG

内容及作业:

TPO18-24里面的细节题和反选题

5.推理题

Paragraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabout…?

Itcanbeinferredthatpartofthereason...isthat...TPO19Q11

Imply,infer,suggest,assume,mean,mostlikelytrueabout...

Probablyoccur,mostaccuratelyreflect...

 

第二,我们在解答这类题目的时候,要注意下列特征:

1.正确选项不能是文章中的直接表达,这是暗示推理题的第一项重要要求,同学们往

往忽视;

2.正确选项的思维逻辑归类如下:

总结归纳型,具体/笼统型,推论型,条件/因果/目的推定型,时间先后型,数量比较型,反向表达型,正话反说型

3.该题型具备其他选择题的普遍特征:

选项信息不能和原文不一致,逻辑关系不能和

原文矛盾,文章未提及的信息点不能作为正确答案;

4.常识的使用以不和原文矛盾为限;

5.在这种题型里,“陷阱”选项的特征往往是:

极端表达,过于笼统,原文无法支持或未提及.

6.写作目的题

完整阅读关键词所在句

“回头看”

信号词:

Notice,notify,define,explain,compare,criticizeetc.

主题句,首尾句

目的表达:

arguedefineillustrateprovecautiondescribeintroduceshow

classifyemphasizepersuadesummarizecompareexplainpointoutsupport

contrastgiveexamplespraisetracecriticizeidentifypredictwarn

Whydotheauthormention“…”?

Theauthormentions“343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildingabathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead'inorderto

PossibleDistractions:

FALSE:

Inaccurateorcontradictory

Toogeneral

NG

内容及作业:

TPO18-24里面的对应题型

阅读思考练习

A.Whydoestheauthorwritethearticle?

B.Whatattitudesdoesheholdforthetopicspresented?

C.Howdoesofeachparagraphservethewholearticle?

D.Whatdetailsservefortheauthor’sintention?

E.Whatvocabularywordsareemployedforthispurpose?

 

7.文本插入题-recognizingcoherence

Reorderthefollowingsentences

---Thetrunk'sinnercoreconsistsofverticallyorientedcellsthatarecloselypackedtogetherinparallelrow.

---Millionsuponmillionsofsuchcellsformtheheartwood--thenonliving

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