1、Sumatran orangutan Sumatran orangutan(Pongo abelii) Sumatran orangutan threatsOrangutans were hunted relentlessly throughout the majority of their South East Asian range, their large size and slow movements making them easy targets for hunters(8). However, the main threat to orangutans today is loss
2、 of habitat(7). In the past twenty years 80 percent of orangutan habitat has been lost to illegal logging, gold mining and conversion to permanent agriculture, in particular, palm oil plantations. What is special about these animals is their unique vulnerability to exploitation. Much of this may be
3、attributed to their extremely long inter-birth interval, typically eight years, making them the slowest breeding primates on earth(7).Forest fires raged through much of Borneo in 1997 and 1998 and it is estimated that around one third of the islands orangutan population was lost at this time. Orangu
4、tans that wander into palm oil plantations and other human-inhabited areas may also be captured for the illegal pet trade, although this is a by-product of shrinking habitat and not a main issue. Recent political instability in the region has caused an increase in illegal logging in protected areas,
5、 and an increase in the capture of infants for the illegal pet trade. The population of Sumatran orangutans was reported to have fallen by 46 percent from 1992 to 1999Sumatran orangutan conservationThe Sumatran orangutan is fully protected by law in Indonesia and is listed on Appendix I of the Conve
6、ntion on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which bans international trade in this species. The key to saving this species is protecting tracts of unexploited forest that are interconnected and contain sufficient habitat(8). A massive national park has been proposed in the north of S
7、umatra covering 25,000 square kilometers and encompassing the existing Gunung Leuser National Park. The Leuser ecosystem will play a key role in protecting important refuges of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and tiger (Panth
8、era tigris sumatrae), as well as the orangutan and numerous lesser-known species(8). Due to the large home ranges that these apes require it is the protection of habitat that will ensure that these beautiful and enigmatic people of the forest survive into the next century(7).种群现状联合国环境规划署世界自然保护监测中心发表
9、调查报告称,由于城市扩张、森林采伐开采和疾病侵袭,包括两种苏门答腊猩猩、两种非洲大猩猩以及非洲倭黑猩猩在内的多种大型类人猿动物,将在一代人(25年左右)的时间后走向绝种。比如,50年之后,苏门答腊猩猩可能只剩下250只。它们将不可避免地走向灭绝。报告显示,处境最危急的是栖息在印度尼西亚的苏门答腊猩猩,5年之后它们的数量将会减少一半。这种猩猩只剩下7300只左右,躲避在苏门答腊岛北部亚齐地区的丛林中。这对于整个种群来说数目十分稀少。此外,在过去25年里(2010年),由于造纸业和棕榈种植的疯狂扩张,苏门答腊岛上的天然森林面积已经减少了一半,使得苏门答腊猩猩的栖息地大幅萎缩。岛上猩猩数量仅有大约6
10、500只,分布也特别零散,处于极其危险的境地。最终,保护中心会将救助的苏门答腊猩猩放归到岛上的国家公园里。衷心希望,苏门答腊猩猩不仅可以在那里重新过上自由的生活,同时也能够避免灭绝的命运。苏门答腊猩猩 The Sumatran Orangutan根据2008年的一份调查,目前野生的苏门答腊猩猩仅有6600只左右。当地居民对森林的过分砍伐,造成苏门答腊猩猩栖息地被严重破坏。另外,当地居民还对苏门答腊猩猩进行捕捉和猎杀,也是造成该物种数量急速减少的原因所在。According to a 2008 survey, the current wild Sumatran orangutan, only 6
11、600 or so. Local residents on the forest felling caused by excessive, Sumatran orangutan habitat was severely damaged. In addition, local residents also to the Sumatran orangutan for trapping and hunting, but also caused the number of species to reason在苏门答腊岛,农民为了防止自己的农作物被猩猩偷食,经常用枪射杀它们。如果猩猩是带着幼崽的,那么小
12、猩猩就会被当作宠物卖掉。而宠物猩猩的命运也十分悲惨,由于没有到正规的食物,它们通常病弱不堪。 最终,保护中心会将救助的苏门答腊猩猩放归到岛上的国家公园里。希望苏门答腊猩猩不仅可以在那里重新过上自由的生活,同时也能够避免灭绝的命运。In the island of Sumatra, farmers in order to prevent their crops were apes steal, often with gun shooting them. If the orangutan with pups, so small orangutan will be sold as a pet. Wh
13、ile the pet chimpanzee s fate is also very sad, because there is no formal food, they are usually extremely sick. Finally, the protection center will help Sumatran orangutan reintroduction to the island national park. Hope Sumatran orangutans can not only where to live a free life, but also to avoid
14、 the fate of extinction. 熊猫大熊猫的分布区已经相当狭小,实际上它的分布地点仅限于中国陕西秦岭南坡,甘肃、四川交界的岷山,四川的邛崃山、大相岭、小相岭和大小凉山等彼此分割的6个分布区域,栖息于海拔为1400米3600米之间的落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和亚高山针叶林带的山地竹林中,总面积为29500平方公里。每个区域又由于高山、河流或公路、耕地等人为因素的影响,再被分离成更小的单位,所以栖息地实际面积不足总面积的20%,仅有约5900平方公里。总计全中国有30个小的种群,总数为1000只左右。其中除四川卧龙外,每个种群不足50只,有的仅有10余只。支离破碎的栖息地和孤立分布
15、的生存状态对于大熊猫的繁殖和抵抗自然灾害都是十分不利的。19由于近亲繁殖不可避免,使得大熊猫致隐性基因的纯合,后代生命力降低,甚至畸型或致死。这种现象在动物园内人工饲养的大熊猫中也是一个严峻的问题,绝大多数个体是来自于同一野生地区,使很多在动物园中繁殖的幼仔在出生后出现畸型或者发育不良,大部分早期夭亡,种群难以得到维持和发展。19因为大熊猫是世界上极其宝贵的自然历史遗产,具有重要的学术研究价值,其生存和保护现状,为世人所关注。保护大熊猫的根本措施是保护大熊猫的栖息地,促进野外和饲养大熊猫的繁殖,完善和强化管理手段,采取科学的方法,为大熊猫的生存创造必需的条件,稳定进而发展大熊猫种群数量,发展和
16、恢复大熊猫的潜在栖息。19截止2011年底,全世界圈养单位共圈养熊猫333只。能够经常维持10只以上饲养种群的单位仅有卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心、成都大熊猫繁育研究基地、陕西省珍惜野生动物抢救饲养研究中心和北京动物园4家。大熊猫属于高度濒危的物种大熊猫是一种有着独特黑白相间毛色的活泼动物。它的拉丁名:Ailuropodamelanoleuca,指的就是它黑白相间的外表。大熊猫的种属是一个争论了一个世纪的问题,最近的DNA分析表明,现在国际上普遍接受将它列为熊科、大熊猫亚科的分类方法,目前也逐步得到国内的认可。国内传统分类将大熊猫单列为大熊猫科。它代表了熊科的早期分支。成年熊猫长约120190厘
17、米,体重85到125公斤。独特的特征包括:大而平的臼齿,它的一根腕骨已经发育成了“伪拇指”这都是为了适应以竹子为食的生活。与其他六种熊类不同,大熊猫和太阳熊都没有冬眠行为。大熊猫大熊猫是一种古老的动物,被动物学家称为“活化石”。与它同一时期的动物如剑齿虎等,早已灭绝并成为化石。大熊猫分布在我国四川北部、陕西和甘肃南部,是我国的一类保护动物。大熊猫学名本来叫“猫熊”,但当时人们念字还是从右往左读,结果“猫熊”成了“熊猫”。现在大家也就将错就错了。熊猫是哺乳动物,身体肥胖,形状像熊但要略小一些,尾巴短,眼睛周围、耳朵、前后肢和肩部是黑色,其余都是白色。毛密而有光泽,耐寒。喜欢吃竹叶、竹笋。大熊猫居
18、住地带的竹子,曾大面积开花、枯死,威胁着大熊猫的生存。全世界都极其关注珍稀动物大熊猫的抢救和转移工作。大熊猫体型肥硕似熊,憨态可掬,但头圆尾短。头部和身体毛色绝大多数为黑白相间,即鼻吻端、眼圈(呈“八”字排列)、两耳、四肢及肩胛部(横过肩部相连成环带)为黑色,其余即头颈部、躯干和尾为白色。腹部淡棕色或灰黑色。其体长120180cm;尾长1020cm,白色;肩高一般为6570cm;体重60125kg。前掌除了5个带爪的趾外,还有一个第六趾。背部毛粗而致密,腹部毛细而长。熊猫栖息于长江上游各山系的高山深谷,为东南季风的迎风面,气候温凉潮湿,其湿度常在80以上,故它们是一种喜湿性动物。它们活动的区域
19、多在坳沟、山腹洼地、河谷阶地等,一般在20以下的缓坡地形。这些地方土质肥厚,森林茂盛,箭竹生长良好,构成为一个气温相对较为稳定、隐蔽条件良好、食物资源和水源都很丰富的优良食物基地。居住于海拔24003500米的高山竹林中。其生活环境湿度很大,温差也比较大。大熊猫大熊猫的食谱非常特殊,几乎包括了在高山地区可以找到的各种竹子,大熊猫也偶尔食肉(通常是动物的尸体,有时也吃竹鼠)。大熊猫独特的食物特性使它被当地人称作“竹熊”。竹子缺乏营养,只能提供生存所需的基本营养,大熊猫逐步进化出了适应这一食谱的特性。在野外,除了睡眠或短距离活动,大熊猫每天取食的时间长达14个小时。一只大熊猫每天进食1238公斤食
20、物,接近其体重的40%。大熊猫喜欢吃竹子最有营养、含纤维素最少的部分,即嫩茎,嫩芽,和竹笋。大熊猫栖息地通常有至少两种竹子。当一种竹子开花死亡时(竹子每30120年会周期性地开花死亡),大熊猫可以转而取食其他的竹子。但是,栖息地破碎化的持续状态增加了栖息地内只有一种竹子的可能,当这种竹子死亡时,这一地区的大熊猫便面临饥饿的威胁。Thegiantpandaisonekindofuniqueblackandwhitecoatoflivelyanimals.ItsLatinname,referstothemelanoleucaAiluropoda:itisblackandwhiteappearanc
21、e.Thegiantpandaspeciesisanargumentforacentury,theproblemofDNAanalysisshowsthattherecentinternationalwillnowaccepteditasXiongKe,pandasubfamiliesclassificationmethod,andgraduallygainnationalrecognition.Chinesetraditionalclassificationforgiantpandaswillseparatepandas.ItrepresentstheXiongKeearlybranches
22、.Adultpandasgrowabout1.9cmlong,1.285to125kgweight.Uniquefeaturesinclude:taipingmolars,ithasdevelopedintoawristfalsethethumbistoadapttothebamboooflife.Andtheothersixdifferent,pandasandbearsnosunbearshibernatebehavior.Giantpandaisakindofancientanimals,zoologistwascalledlivingfossil.Anditisthesameperio
23、dofanimals,suchaspower,andbecomeextinct.Innorthernsichuanpandainsouthernshaanxiandgansuprovinces,theclassinChina,istoprotecttheanimals.Namewascalledgiantpandas,butwhenpeoplereadthewordorfromrighttoleft,readbecameapandapanda.Noweverybodyalsowillwrong.Pandasaremammals,bodyfat,shapedlikeabearcagebutlit
24、tleshorttail,eyes,ears,formerhind,shouldersandisblack,therestarewhite.MaoMiandluster,cold.Likeeatingbamboo,bambooshoots.Giantpandasliveinlargearea,bambooflowering,die,threateningsurvivalofgiantpandas.Allovertheworldisrareanimalrescuesandtransferofgiantpandas.Pandaisbiggersize,butbearandchildlikehead
25、roundshorttail.Theheadandbodycolorsmajorityofblackandwhitealternatewith,namelyfortheclient,eye(akiss,8thewordisarranged),twoears,limbandshouldershoulderministry(across)isconnectedtothebandofblack,head,bodyandtailiswhite.Abdominallightbrownortoblack.Thelengthof120180cm,Longtail1020cm,white,Shoulderhi
26、ghaverage65-70cm,Weight125kg60.Exceptfivewithhandsbeforetheclawtoeoutside,stillasixthtoe.Hairthickanddense,backabdomencapillaryandlong.Pandahabitatinupstreamofthemountains,theeastAsianmonsoongeotechnialtothesurfacecoolweather,moisture,thehumidityin80above,sotheyareakindofgoodwetanimals.Theiractiviti
27、esintheregion,depression,valleyslopehollowrain-wetmountainsides,generallyin20belowslopetopography.Theseplaces,lushforestsoilhypertrophy,jian,constitutearelativelystable,atemperatureconditiongoodfood,concealedandwaterresourcesareveryrichfinefoodbase.Livewithin24-3500mhighintheforest.Thelivingenvironm
28、enthumidity,temperatureandbigger.Giantpandasveryspecialdiets,includingthemountainsregioninalmostallkindsofbamboocanbefound,andoccasionallymeat(usuallythecarcassofananimal,sometimeseatbamboorat).Thegiantpandaisuniquecharacteristicsmakeitfoodbylocalpeoplecalledbamboobear.Lackofnutrition,bambooonlyneed
29、edforthesurvivalofbasicnutrition,thegiantpandagraduallyevolvedtoadapttothisrecipe.Inthewild,besidesmorpheusorshortactivity,giantpandaseatoftimeeverydayfor14hours.Agiantpandaseatevery12-38kilogramsoffood,closetoitsweight40%.Pandaseatbamboolikemostnutrition,includingatleastpartofcellulose,i.e.tenderbi
30、ne,bud,andbambooshoots.Thegiantpandahabitatusuallyhaveatleasttwokindsofbamboo.Whenabamboofloweringdeath(every30120annualbamboofloweringperiodicallytodeath),giantpandaseatbamboocanother.However,habitatfragmentationofcontinuousstateincreasedhabitatswithinonlyonekindofbamboo,whenthebamboodeath,thisareaisapandafaceshunger. 金丝猴 当前,除中国外,这些稀世珍宝在世界上仅有法国、英国等极少数国家的博物馆中收藏有若干标本。金丝猴的珍贵程度与大熊猫齐名,同属“国宝级动物”,它们毛色艳丽,形态独特,动作优雅,性情温和,深受人们的喜爱。金丝猴当前有五个种类:滇金丝猴、黔金丝猴、川金丝猴、越南金丝猴和2012年新近发现的“怒江金丝猴”(暂定名)。其中除了川金丝猴全身是金黄毛色外,其它三种都没有金色的体毛。滇金丝猴的体毛主要是黑灰色和白色的,它背披黑毛,臀
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