名词形容词副词复习.docx

1、名词形容词副词复习名词复习语言实践与内容梳理：一、名词的种类名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指某个人、地方、机构等特定名词，如Lucy，Beijing等；普通名词一般指一类人或东西，或是一个抽象的概念的名称。从四方面掌握A.个体名词，如worker，book等;B.集体名词，如family，class等；C.物质名词，如glass，coffee等；D.抽象名词，如life，love等。其中个体名词和集体名词合成为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词合成为不可数名词。名词的数不可数名词，包括物质名词和抽象名词，从某种意义不能计数，只有单数形式。可数名词，包括个体名词和集体名词，通常有单复数的区别。可

2、数名词的复数形式一般在单数后面加-s构成，加-s词尾的主要方式有以下几点：一般在词尾直接加-s，如books，boys等。以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词后加-es，如buses，boxes ，watches等。以辅音字母加“y”结尾的名词，变“y”为“i”，再加-es，如family families， storystories,citycities等。以f，fe结尾的名词通常变f，fe为v，让后再加-es，如knifeknives，wifewives等。（注意：以o结尾的名词变复数，不同的语法教材对此规定不一。为记忆方便，一般认为:初中教材常见的单词，如tomatotomatoes, pot

3、ato potatoes。其他 photo photos, radioradios ,piano pianos, kilo kilos ,zoo zoos等。）少数名词有不规则复数形式，如：manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, childchildren, toothteeth, mousemice等。一些名词单复数形式相同，如Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, people, cattle，fish等。还有些名词通常以复数形式出现，如clothes，glasses，thanks，noodles等。在two men doctors, some

4、women nurses这类短语中更要注意此处的men，women的用法问题了。二、名词的格名词的格，分主格、宾格以及所有格。名词主宾格在句法上没有拼写区别，一般不作为学习的重点。名词的所有格指有些名词可以在后面加s来表示所有关系。如露西的书包，Lucys bag 。名词的所有格一般在后面加s，如上例，还有一些其他表现形式一个名词如其复数形式以s结尾，直接在s后打“ ”，如the students books。Nurses Day Teachers Day如其复数形式特殊，不以s结尾，在后加s，如Childrens Day。 Mothers Day the teachers desk如一个东西

5、为两者共有，只在第二者后加s，表现为A and Bs ，例This is Lily and Lucys room. 如两者分别拥有，则分别加s，表现为A s and Bs，如These are Lilys and Lucys rooms名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词，但如表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等无生命的名词，也可以用在后加s的方法，如ten minutes walk, todays news, the Peoples cinema等。凡不能加s的名词，都可以与of构成所有关系，如the map of China, the name of the movie等。双重所有格是一

6、种特殊形式，of结构与名词所有格-s结合使用，如a friend of my fathers。of加名词性物主代词也可以构成双重所有格，如a friend of mine。三、加后缀变名词Aadj+ness 变成名词illness sickness goodness sadness blindness kindness richness fitness darkness happy-happiness ugly-ugliness busy-business lazy-lazinessB. V+ion 变成名词attract-attraction act-action collect-colle

7、ctioninstruct-instruction discuss-discussion suggest-suggestionprotect-protection connect-connectioninvent-invention decide-decisionpollute-pollution donate-donation celebrate-celebrationeducate-education operate-operationinvite-invitation organize-organizationrealize-realization introduce-introduct

8、ion*describe-description pronounce-pronunciation compete-competitionC V +ing 变成名词meet-meeting clean-cleaning wash-washing feel-feeling paint-painting spell- spellingsay-saying end-ending mean-meaning train-training hunt-hunting dive-diving skate- skating ski-skiing hike-hiking ride-riding cycle-cycl

9、ing swim-swimmingjog-jogging shop-shopping begin-beginningD V/adj +th 变成名词high-height,weigh-weight, long-length,grow-growth,warm-warmth(hotheat,beautiful-beauty, proud-pride, dangerous-danger,safe-safety, deaddeath, angry-anger, hungryhunger serve-service possible-possibility)E +er/or 构成名词1. 加er：spe

10、aker, teacher, farmer reporter,waiter2. 双些词尾加er：winner,beginner, runner, swimmer 3. 有e加r:writer, dancer4. 加or: visitor, actor director,editor inventor, sailor,survivor5. 加(r)ess, actress,hairdress, waitress6. 加ist: science-scientist piano- pianist tour-tourist art-artist type-typist四、名词加后缀变形容词carefu

11、l/less useful/less cheerful/less colorful/lesshelpful/less homeful/less hopeful/less harmful/less meaningful/less thoughtful/less thankful/less powerful/tasteful/tasteless (tasty) wonderful delightful grateful-ungratefulsuccessful- unsuccessful peaceful- unpeacefulendless noisy-noiseless sleepless (

12、sleepy)形容词加前缀构成反义词1 un-able comfortable countable friendly grateful happy helpful healthy kind known like lovely lucky natural necessary selfish thankful usual welcome willing certain popular important2in- active complete correct formal3.ir-regular4.im- polite possible patient 5.dis- abledlikehonest

13、appearagree六、名词变形容词A 单词+y变成形容词health-healthyluck-luckyrain-rainysnow-snowywind-windycloud-cloudysleep-sleepyfrost-frostymist-mistynoise-noisytaste-tastyshine-shiny shiningice-icysun-sunnyfun-funnyfog-foggyB 方位名词+ern 构成形容词eastern southern, western, northern, 七、形容词变副词(1) 直接加ly， especially carefully ex

14、citedly politely mostly, recently (注意：true-truly) (2)以le 结尾的形容词去e加y构成副词 possible-possibly simple-simply probable-probably comfortable-comfortably terrible-terribly suitable-suitably able-ably gentle-gently(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i加ly happy-happily heavy-heavily healthy-healthily noisy-noisily lucky-luck

15、ily angry-angrily （4）good-well(better,best)(5)既可作形容词也可作副词的单词Well hard early fast high wide close near weekly(6)compare（比较1）：true-truly ,safe-safely compare(比较2): hard(adj困难的/adv努力) hardly（adv.几乎不） wide(adj宽广的；a wide road) (adv广阔地，全力地open your mouth wide)widely(adv.广泛地，English is used widely) close(a

16、dj/adv 靠近的，亲密的，接近)sit close to, a close friend closely(adv.紧密)work closely with UNICEF deep adj 深的 a deep hole adv. 深地dig a hole deep deeply adv. 深深地（感情）I was moved deeply by the story.(7)注意：有些单词有ly ，它不是副词，而是一个形容词 friendly， lovely, likely(可能的), lively lonely,elderly,用在系动词之后，名词之前。八、形容词副词的比较级和最高级（一）形容

17、词、副词比较级和最高级的构成：1. 单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化：规则原级比较级最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/esttallstricttallertallest2.词尾是e，只加-r/stnicenicernicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i再加-er/esthappytinysillyhappierhappiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er/estthinsad fatslim thinnerthinnest2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautifulmore beautiful(th

18、e) most beautiful3. 由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quicklymore quickly(the) most quicklydifficultlymore difficultly(the) most difficultly4. 不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfaroldfarther/furtherolder/elderfarthest/furthestoldest/eldest（二）形容词比较级和最

19、高级的用法：1. 原级的用法:用于两者之间对比，意思为“和相同”A+v.+as.+形容词原级+as BTom is as honest as Jack.Her skin is as white as snow.My dog is as old as that one.He is not as (=so) tall as I.The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weather in Harbin.2. 比较级的用法:1）A+形容词比较级+than+ BSusan is happier than Jane.His brother is two ye

20、ars younger than me.Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka.形容词比较级前还可以用much, even, still, a little，far, a lot, a bit, much /far more来修饰。Very, so, too, quite 不能修饰比较级,只能加原级。2）数字+形容词比较级+thanIm two years older than you.She is a head taller than me.3）比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越”The earth is getting warmer and warmer

21、.China becomes more and more beautiful4）the +比较级，the +比较级结构，表示“越就越”The more I study it, the more I like it.5）which/who +is +比较级, A or B?Which city is bigger, Beijing or Tianjin?Who is happier, you or me?6) the +比较级 (one )of the two Lily is the taller (one)of the two Daniel chose the cheaper (one)of

22、the two wathches.7) a +比较级 +单数 或 比较级+复数 Im sorry. This dress is too expensive. Do you have a cheaper one? These trousers are too short. Would you like to show me longer ones?8) much , far, even,a little等+ 比较级 Today is foggy. And Im afraid tomorrow will be much foggier. You will have a even tastier m

23、eal tonight than yesterday evening.3. 最高级用法：1)用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the，最高级前有物主代词，序数词和名词所有格时，不加定冠词.Most people like apples.Most of the boys are good.It is our nearest neighbor in space.2)最高级后面跟带in（在某范围内）或of（同一种事物或人）表范围的短语。 Mum is always the busiest in my family.Mum is always the busiest of usIn space

24、Of the planets3）one of the +最高级+名词复数Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities of the ten cities.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.4）the +序数词+最高级+名词单数 Chang Jiang is the first longest river in China.the second highest building5最高级、比较级、原级之间的转换:例句最高级She is the best in her class. 比较级S

25、he is better than any other student in her class.She is better than the other students in her class.She is better than all her other classmates. She is better than any other of her classmates .No other student in her class is better than she.原级No other student in her class is as good as she.Lesson o

26、ne is not as easy as Lesson Two.Lesson Two is easier than Lesson OneLesson One is more difficult/ much/ a little /a bit harder than Lesson Two（三）副词比较级和最高级的用法：1. 原级主要的句型：1）as+副词原级+asTom runs as fast as Jones.not as/so+副词原级+asHe didnt come as/so early as Li Lei.2）too+副词原级+to do sth.Jean rides too slow

27、ly to catch up with me.3）so +副词原级+ thatJean rides so slowly that she cant catch up with me.4）副词原级+enough to do sth.Jean doesnt ride fast enough to catch up with me.2. 比较级的用法：1）比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词来代替后面的动词，该动词或助动词可以省略。Lily run faster than Mary(did).2）比较级+and +比较级The days are getting longer and longer in summer.3）the morethe moreThe harder you work, the better you will learn.3. 最高级的用法：副词最高级前一般有the，也可省略。He works (the) hardest of all the students in the class.