美国文学史及选读自考考点.docx

1、美国文学史及选读自考考点The literature of colonial AmericaJohn Smith1）The 1st American writer2）作品“reports of exploration”have been described as the 1st distinctly American literature written in English, attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans. 3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such Occurance&Accidents of Note as Hat

2、h Happened in Virginia Since the 1st planting of That colony”4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia :with a Description of the Country”5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims.1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him.6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想

3、，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德), historical and political.The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard work, t

4、hrift, piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想）William Bradford & John Withrop1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.”2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并

5、keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans-Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier.-Looked upon themselves as a choosen peolple.-Anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods will and was not to be accepted.-

6、They were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others-Made laws about private morality as well as public behavior Nathaniel Hawthorne called them“stern and black browed Puritans”John Cotton & Roger Williams1）John Cotton： The patriarch(教父) of New England2）Rog

7、er Williams：“A key into the language of Ameriaca”&“A help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”(美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南)Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1）Anne Bradstreet：One of the most interesting of the early poet.(1630乘Arbella到Massachusetts)“The Tenth Muse Lately Spru

8、ng Up in America”（在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯）2）Edward Taylor：The best of the Puritan Poets(作品大部分关于宗教)The Literature of Reason And Revolution1.American Independence WarNoah Webster评价：American must be as independent in literature as she is inpolitics, as famous for arts as for arms.（文化上的独立，艺术上的著名）Thomas Jefferson：”D

9、eclaration of Independence(独立宣言)”2.Enlightenment 启蒙运动3文学上独立的代表作1785, Jefferson：“Notes on the State of Virginia.“1791, Bartram：“Travels”Benjamin Franklin 1706-17901）In the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. -Born in Boston曾创办“Pennsylvania Gazatte”,1732-1758出版

10、”Poor Richards Almanac collocation of proverbs”2）founded the Junto&Established Americas first circulating library& founded the University of PennsylvaniaAided Jefferson in writting the Declaration of Independence.3）The 1st major writers.4）“Autobiography”,编辑了美国第一份殖民杂志“General magazine”朋友评价：His shadow

11、 lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.Thomas Paine 1739-18091）“Great Commoner of Mankind”(人类最平凡的人）&Pamphleteer(小册作家)2）1772, he wrote his 1st pamphlet“The case of the Officers of the Excise”1774, Franklin给他写推荐信“an ingenious worthy young man”He is a political satirist of genius(政治讽刺的天

12、才)3）1776.1.10 His famous pamphlet“Common Sense”appeared, 署名by an Englishman(书中大胆拥护独立宣言各主张，因此成了美国独立革命思想的代言人)4）1776-1783，“American Crisis”signed“Common Sense”在部队被广泛传阅鼓舞士气5）1791-1792，“Rights of Man”6）在法国因反对路易十六和恐怖统治入狱，1793-1795，“The Age of Reason”a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of re

13、ligion.（注重宗教观念的理性）7）最后一部作品“Agrarian Justice”Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826美国历史上最为广泛影响的人物，同Franklin一样具人道主义精神1）1776，with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.2）1800起担任两届美国总统，建立the Library of Congress，1819创建the university of Virgin

14、ia并担任第一任校长Philip Freneau1）The most outstanding writter of the Post-Revolutionary period. Double role as poet and political journalist.2）1770，“The Power of Fancy”因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可3）1776，“The House of Night”（the Gothic mood）FL帕蒂称它为“the 1st distinctly romantic note heard in America”and“The Beauties of S

15、anta Cruz”4）1781，“The British Prison Ship”5）1786，他的早期作品被收录在“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”6）1788，“Miscellaneous Works”.1791，with Jeffersons support“National Gazette”campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States”7）教材作品“The Wild Honey Suckle”“Th

16、e Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”The Literature of Romanticism1）1828年Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States标志Virginia王朝的结束1861年开始Civil War.2）美国早期的主要文学形式，被长篇、短篇故事和诗歌所取代novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.Washing

17、ton Irving 1783-18591）He was the 1st great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格2）He was the 1st great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作只是为了快乐和创造快乐3）1819-1820，His“Sketch Book”appeared the 1st modern short stories and

18、 the 1st great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment.第一部见闻札记是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写。他的短篇小说激发了世界各国人民进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣。4）19岁发表“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New York lif.讽刺纽约人的生活。5）1809，“A History of New York”以Diedrich Knicke

19、rbocker的名字出版，以轻松幽默的方式讲述早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为幽默作品中的经典。6）1822，“Bracebridge Hall”7）1824，“Tales of Traveler”has the flavor of the German romanticism.8）With John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy：“Charles the Second”or“The Merry Monarch”9）1828，“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher

20、 Columbus”10）1829，“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”11）1831，“Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”1832，“Alhambra”1832，“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”（in the“Crayon Miscellany”）收录在12）1835，“A Tour on the Prairies”；“Astoria”and“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”.13）1840，“L

21、ife of Oliver Goldsmith”；1855-1859，“Life of George Washington“.14）教材作品，“The Authors Account of Himself”；“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.James Fenimore Cooper1）The 1st imp American novelist began his literary career on a dare.2）1821，“The Spy”（引人入胜的探险故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间）3）Cooper launched two kinds of immen

22、sely popular stories：the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.(开创两种流传极广的小说题材，海上传奇&边疆传奇小说)1824，“The pilot”最为成功1839，he wrote the 1st official history of the U.S.Navy4）Cooper的Frontier stories“Leather Stocking Tales”including five novels：“The Deerslayer”；“The Last of the Mohicans”；“The pathfinder”；

23、“The Pioneers”；“The Prairie”.Allan Nevins all these five novels“the nearest approach yest to an American epic”.(美国迄今为止最接近史诗的一部大作)5）教材作品“The Last Mohicans”William Cullen Bryant 1794-18781）1817，the stately poem called“Thanatopsis”(Greek, meaning “view of death”)introduced the best poet to appear in Am

24、erican up to that time.（人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作）2）“To a Waterfowl”is perhaps the peak of his work,“Most perfect brief poem in the language”（致水鸟是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”）3）他用无韵诗的形式翻译了“Iliad”and“Odyssey”.4）HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家5）教材作品“Thanatopsis”死之思考，“To a Water

25、fowl”Edgar Allan Poe 1809-18491）1833，在一次小说比赛中“Ms.Found in a Bottle”获奖，Then he got a job as editor with the“Southern Literary Messenger”南方文学信使2）“The Fall of the House of Usher3）1840，his 1st collection of short stories“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”4）1845，“The Raven”5）教材作品“To Helen”，“The Raven”

26、，“Annabel Lee”，“The Fall of the House of Usher”Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-18821）He was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement.(他是把超验主义思想引入England的先去，被看作是美国内战的领袖)2）1836，“Nature”出版。真正让他功成名就的还是两次演讲“The American Schola

27、r”and“The Divinity School Address”.Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous“Essays”.Among his most imp works are“Representative Men”and“English Traits”.1847，“poems”appeared.3）他的散文诗歌极富个性，但最后却受到了高度评价，适合现代读者的口味4）“The American Scholar”被称为“our intellectual Declaration of Independence”5）教

28、材作品“Nature”，“Self-reliance”Henry David Thoreau 1817-18621）He was Emersons truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emersons theories.(他是Emerson最忠实的信徒，是他把Emerson许多理论付诸实践)2）1854，“Walden”, the sperb book came out of his two years residence at Walden Pond.(根据他在Walden湖畔居住两年经历写出的名作)3）1849，“Civil Dis

29、obedience”from his experience in jail.4）教材“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-18641.“The House of the Seven Gables”讲述的是自己家族的一段历史2.His material by observing and listening to others听人家将新格兰口头故事 民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事。3.“The Custom House”1852，“The Blithedale Romance”1846，“Mosses fr

30、om an Old Manse”1860，“The Marble Faun”4.“The Scarlet Letter”讲述关于罪的、罪对不同人的影响及有些人获得拯救的故事。5.Nathaniel Hawthorne&Edgar Allan Poe并称为“The Art of the short story”美国短篇小说现代艺术大师6.Hawthorne和Melville一样，采用讲故事手法来探讨生活的意义7.“Ethan Brand”；“Young Goodman Brown”；“Dr.Heideggers Experiment”；“The Ambitious Guest”；“The Gre

31、at Stone Face”；8.教材“The Scarlet Letter”Herman Melville 1819-18911.“Moby Dick”；1846，“Typee”出版后，他被称为“man who lived among cannibals”1847续集，“Omoo”；1849，“Bedburn”；1850，“White-Jacket”；1891，“Billy Budd”2.Two other philosophical(哲学) novels：“Mardi”，“Pierre”；“Bartleby the Scrivener”(有诗歌风味的短篇故事)Two celebrated

32、short novels：“Benito Cereno”，“Billy Budd”.(“Billy Budd“和“Moby Dick”一样运用船来象征社会)3.教材“Moby Dick”Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1.1833-1835, his prose romance“Outre-Mer”(浪漫散文)2.“Hiawatha”(采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆美洲印第安人的传说)；His greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing(使诗歌成为人人能看能写的)3.1838，1st collection of poems entitled“Vo