高中英语语法讲义介词及介词短语.docx

1、高中英语语法讲义介词及介词短语高中英语语法讲义介词及介词短语方位介词（1）图解方位介词 如：The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it.The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.用介词完成句子：1.The sunlight came in _ (穿过) the windows in the ro

2、of and lit up the whole room.2. The bicycle is _ (不能) repair.（2）among, between 一般来说，among用于三者及以上的“在中间”，其宾语通常是一个表示笼统数量或具有复数（或集合）意义的名词或代词；而between指两者之间，其宾语常为表两者的名词或代词，或是由and连接的两个人或物。among在表示范围时，还可表示“在（其）中，之一”。如：They hid themselves among the trees.She is the youngest among the three sisters.There was a

3、 fight between the two boys.Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursday.注意：在下列情况中，between可用于三者：1 当两个以上的人或物用and连接时。如：between A, B, and C在A、B和C之间2 涉及人或事物之间的区别以及人或事物之间的关系时。如：the difference between the three of themthe relations between various countries3 表示“由于合作的结果”时。如：Between them they landed the fis

4、h.4 在divide, share等表示“分享”之类的动词之后，若接一个表示三者或三者以上的复数名词时，用among和between均可。如：He divided his money among/between his five ones.用介词between, among填空3. Some students often listen to music_ classes to refresh themselves.4. Four Chinese models were _ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at World Supermodel C

5、ompetition.（3）in, on两者均可表示“在上”，on侧重表面接触，in侧重接触的深度。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸腹等部位用in，而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部分用on。表示树本身生出来的枝、叶、花、果等用on the tree,但在树本身以外的人或动物“在树上”，用in the tree，意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如：We found a square hole in the wall.The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.There are lots of apples on the tree.用介词i

6、n, on填空5. There is a map of the world_ the wall.6. Birds are singing_ the tree.（4）across, through均可表示穿过，但across与on有关，意为：from one side to the other side of sth，表示动作在物体的表面进行，从一边到另一边。through与in有关，表示动作从物体中间穿过。比较：He walked across the field.（在田野上） He walked through the forest.（在森林中）He ran across the bridg

7、e.（从桥上） He ran through the town.（贯穿）此外，across与静态动词连用时表示“在（街、河等）对面”或“在（身体某部位）上”的意思。如：The school is across the river.He has a giant scar across his chest.用介词across, through填空7. My house is just_ the street.8. Water will be pumped_ a pipe.9. Do you think this shirt is too tight_ the shoulders?（5）over,

8、above, under, below1）over和above都有“在之上”的意思，但over表示“在的正上方”，其反义词为under, 而above表示“在的斜上方”，其反义词为below。over还可可表“（部分或全部覆盖）在上面”的意思。如：You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt. Itll look terrible.2）over和above都可以表示在数量上“多于”的意思，但above一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准”有关的事物，而over则表示“多于”，相当于more than, 其反义词是under (= less than)。如

9、：1000 meters above sea level.two degrees above zeroHes over fifty.Its under a mile from here to the post office.3）above表示“级别、地位、重要性等高于”，over则强调“控制、掌握、权威、优越”等。如：He always puts his students above everything.He has little control over his emotions.用介词over, above填空10. Shes been here for_ two hours.11. A

10、 great person is always putting others interests _ his own.12. He is _ average intelligence.（6）in, on, to, off 四个都可表示两地之间的方位关系。in表示在范围之内；to表示在某范围之外；on表示“毗邻”、“接壤”；off则强调两地间隔着一小段距离。如： Shanghai Province is/lies in the east of China. Shandong Province is/lies to the northeast of Hubei Province. Russia i

11、s/lies on north of China. Lily lives in a flat just off Bridge Avenue.用介词in, to, off填空13. Japan is/lies_ the east of China.14. Beijing lies_ the north of China.15. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place_ the main road at the far end of the lake.时间介词（1）at, in, on 1）at的用法表示时间的一点，时刻等，如：at 12:00, at noo

12、n, at night, at midnight, at dawn/daybreak, at sunrise/sunset, at dusk表示较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子，如：at Christmas2）in的用法 表示在某段较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等），如：in the 1980s/1980s, in the Qing dynasty, in October, in the morning/afternoon/evening。3）on的用法用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间（如：某日、某节日、星期几等），如：on Oct

13、ober the first, on a rainy day, on National Day等用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上，如：on Christmas Eve, on the morning of January the third, on the afternoon of his arrival等。准时，按时：on time翻译下列词组16. 在星期天上午_17. 在三月初_18. 在儿童节_ 19. 在19世纪_（2）in, after1）in的用法 in表时间，常表示“在之内 / 后”，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：1.所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；2.后面必须是一段时间。这两个

14、条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。 2）after的用法after表时间，意为“在之后”。通常“after+时间段”与过去时连用；“after+时间点”与将来时连用。如：My father will be back in three days.My father will be back after three oclock.My father came back after three after three days/ three days later.用in, after, later填空20. It will be finished _ an hour.21. He retu

15、rned _ a few days.22. They finished their lessons at four and a little while _ they went out to take a walk.（3）for, from, since for后接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久；from后接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短；since后接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用。Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived ther

16、e for almost fifteen years after his retirement.My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.用for, from, since填空23. _ then on she knew she would win.24. I lost my money and I have been worried _ then.25. The meeting lasted_ three hour

17、s yesterday.（4）during, through, over 1）during的用法 during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。如： He often falls asleep during the class. He swims every day during the summer. 2）through的用法through：在期间; 从开头到结尾（所指时间包括在内，此时与through out相同）。如：Tom bore up well under the strain of supportin

18、g his family through his fathers illness.3）over的用法over意为:while doing, having, eating, etc. (sth) 在（做）期间。如：We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.此外，over还有“throughout (a period)贯穿（一时间段）”的意思，等于during。如：He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.用during, over填空26. Lets discuss it_ l

19、unch.27. _ the past 10 years, great changes have taken place in this area.（5）before, by, till, until 1）before的用法：早于；在之前。如：The new road will be completed before the end of the year. 2）by的用法 表示“到止，不迟于”。如：All of you are to arrive at school by seven oclock. 表示“在期间，在时间内”。如：He worked by night and slept by

20、 day. 3）until和till的用法 until是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用，表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止；在否定句中和非延续性动词连用，表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。 I shall wait until ten oclock. I didnt go to sleep until midnight. till意义与until相同，但不用于句首。 He works from morning till night, day after day.用before, by, until填空28. Well have finished the work_

21、ten oclock tomorrow.29. I usually take a bath_ having my breakfast.30. Up_ last year, they didnt even own a car.表工具、手段、方式的介词（1）by, in , on 三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。1） 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。2） 涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/ boat,

22、by train, by spaceship等。3） 当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in, 名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York, in this plane, go to school on my bike等注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼用on。如：on foot, on horseback/ on a horse, on a camel等。同义句转换31. He went to Beijing by car. He went to Beijing_.32. I prefer to travel by ship. I prefer to t

23、ravel_.（2）with, in 1）with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如： They digging with a pick/ spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. 2）in加原料、颜料、语言、钢笔、铅笔、大/小写字母 Please answer me in English. Please write in capital letters. The artist wrote in ink/pencil (=with a pen/ a pe

24、ncil). 3）注意以下固定短语： on/over the telephone/radio 用这/那种方式：in this/that way , by this/that means with this/that method用by, over, in, on填空33. This form is to be filled in_ ink.34. This toy is not machine-made. It is made _ hand.35. In the morning I usually listen to the news_ the radio.表原因的介词（1） with多用于表

25、示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因。（2） for多与表示情感的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用。（3） from常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因。（4） of用于某些形容词后，后接与情感相关的人或事。（5） over常用于带有感情色彩的动词，如cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因。如:Her face went red with anger.The West Lake is famous for its scenery.表示支持、反对的介词against意为“反对”，指在观点或主张等方面与某

26、人采取对立的态度。此外，against还有“倚靠，逆着，相反，在的衬托下，与比赛”等意思。for指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度，意为“支持，赞成”，与in favor of 同义。如：Are you for or against the new road scheme?She was forced to marry against her will.Thats against the law.The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.介词填空：36. An agreement seems to be impos

27、sible because the majority of the committee members are _ it.37. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back_ a big tree.其他常考介词（1）besides, expect, but, other than, except for的区别 1）用于否定句时，besides, expect与but可相互替换。如： No other students passed the difficult maths exam expect/ besides/ but Lin Tao and Wu Do

28、ng. 2）用于肯定句时的区别 expect意为：not including除之外（不再有）。 We all passed the exam except Tom. besides意为: in addition to. 如： We have lots of things in common besides music.注意：besides在句中的位置较灵活，可放句首也可放句中；而except多放在句中。此外，except前几乎总有all, any, every, no及其复合词。如： He answered all the questions except the last one. I ha

29、ve a few friends besides you. except for表示“除了”之意，它所叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如： The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. Your coat is good except for its color.注意：当except 位于句首时，后面要加上for Except for this, everything is in good order. 3）当except和but/ other than都可接名词、代词、动名词，可以互换，但except后接副

30、词、介词短语、when从句等时，but/other than不可替换except。 He has always been in high spirits except recently. The window is never opened except in summer. He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.4）but, except后都可接that从句作宾语。如： I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week.5）以上讲了besides作介词的用法，此外besides还可作为副词表“in addition; also; moreover; furthermore（而且，还有）”。如： I dont want to go; besides, I am too tired. This is my best suit; besides, I have two others.用except, exc