1、整理高中英语构词法讲解与练习高中英语构词法讲解与练习一. 类别 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。二. 定义与精讲1.转化法英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形 不变的方法叫作转化法。1) 动词转化为名词1很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:Lets go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。2有时意思有一定变化,如:He is a man of strong build. 他是一个体格健壮的汉子。3有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:Lets
2、have a swim. 咱们游泳吧。2) 名词转化为动词1很多表示物件,如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗 ?2身体部位,如:Please hand me the book. 请把那本书递给我。3某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。4某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:We lunched together. 我们在一起吃了午餐。3) 形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如:We will try our best to bet
3、ter our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4) 副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如: Murder will out.( 谚语 ) 恶事终必将败露。5) 形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服You should be dressed in black at the funeral.某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语 时,谓语用复数如下,如:The old in our village are living
4、 a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1)前缀除少数前缀外, 前缀一般改变单词的意义, 不改变词性; 后缀一般改变词类, 而不引起词义的变化。(1) 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- 等,在单词的前 面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:appear 出现disappear 消失correct 正确的in correct 不正确的lead 带领 mislead 领错stop 停下 non-s
5、top 不停(2) 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-( 多构成表语形容词 ), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- ( 自动), co- (共同), en- ( 使), inter- ( 互相), re- ( 再;又 ), sub- ( 下面的;次;小 ), tele- ( 强调距离 ) 等。例如:alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的autochart 自动图表cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高兴internet 互联网 reuse 再用subway 地铁 teleph one 电话2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性
6、,构成 意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence , -(e)r/ -or ( 从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性), -ful ( 一 ),-ian (精通 的人),-ist ( 专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态 ) , -tion( 动作;过程 ) 等。例如: differ 不同于 difference 区别write 写writer 作家Japan日本Japanese日本人act 表演 actress 女演员mouth 口 mouthful 一口music 音乐 musi
7、cian 音乐家例如:wide widen 力卩宽beauty beautify 美化pure purify 提纯real realize 意识至 Uorgan organize 组织(3) 构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al ,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某 国人的),-ful , -(ic)al , -ish , -ive , -less (表示否定),-like (像 的),-ly , -ous , -some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:nature 自然natural 自然的reas on道理rea
8、s on able有道理的America 美国American 美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish 孩子气的snow 雪snowy 雪的(4) 构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方 位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry生气的angrily 生气地to 到towards 朝 ,向 east 东方eastward 向东(5) 构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:six 六sixteen 十六
9、sixteenth 第十六four 四forty 四十fortieth 第四十3.合成法(1)合成名词构成方式例词名词+名词weeke nd 周末名词+动词daybreak 黎明名词+动名词han dwrit ing 书法名词+及物动词+ er / orpa in-killer 止痛药名词+介词+名词editor-i n-chief 总编辑动词+名词typewriter 打字机动名词+名词reading-room 阅览室现在分词+名词flyin g-fish 飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman 纟申士副词+动词outbreak 爆发介词+名词after noon 下午代词+名词she-wolf
10、 母狼(2)合成形容词构成方式例词名词+形容词sno w-white名词+现在分词En glish-speak ing名词+ to +名词face-to-face名词+过去分词man-made数词+名词on e-way数词+名词+形容词two-year-old数词+名词+ edfive-storeyed动词+副词see-through形容词+名词first-class, full-time,part-timehigh-class形容词+名词+ edn oble-min ded形容词+形容词red-hotlight-blue形容词+现在分词good-look ing, free-th inkin
11、g good-look ing副词+形容词ever-gree n副词+现在分词far-see in ghard-work ing副词+过去分词well-prepared, quickly-cured well-k nown副词+名词fast-food介词+名词dow nhill(3)合成动词构成方式例词名词+动词day-dreamsleep-walk形容词+动词white-wash副词+动词overthrow(4)合成副词构成方式例词形容词+名词hotfoot 匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere 至U处副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforeha nd 事先介词+副词fore
12、ver 永远(5)合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格+ selfherself 她自己物主代词+ selfmyself 我自己形容词+名词anything任何东西(6)合成介词构成方式例词副词+名词in side 在 里面介词+副词within在 之内副词+介词in to进入4.截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头2)去尾teleph one phone mathematics maths kilogram kiloaeropla ne pla neco-operate co-oplaboratory labomni bus bus e
13、xam in ati on exam taxicab taxi3)截头去尾in flue nza flurefrigerator fridgeprescripti on script5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。 后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。news broadcast newscast 新闻广播televisi on broadcast telecast 电视播送smoke and fog smog 烟雾helicopter airport heliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有
14、两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作 为一个单词读音。very important person VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物television TV (读字母音)电视Testi ng of En glish as a Foreig n Lan guage TOEFL托福.巩固练习1. That man was enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the chi
15、ld , so his is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die B. dead C. died D. death3.The child looked at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad4.He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a .A.chemistry B. chemicalC. chemist D. physician5.The three- chair isn t suitable for a young
16、 child. He may fall off.A.legging B. legged C. legs D. leged6.Stephenson became the railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership7.aboutWhen the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem ,Jack looked at his classmates.D. pridelyA. proud B. proudly C. pride8.To
17、everyone sA. satisfiedC. satisfying,the girl finished the job quite well.B.satisfactoryD. satisfaction9. What are you doing here?Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage about in English.You can write passage in English?A. 600 words ;a 600-wordsB.600-word ; a 600-wordsC.600 words ;a 600-wordD.600
18、words ;a 600-words10.No one should enter the spot without the of the police.A. permit B. permissionC.permitting D. permittence11.You must come with us to the police .Our head is waiting for you.A. headquartersC. headmasterB.headlineD.headache; you did it 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident
19、C.intentionally D. intentional13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a smile.A. practice B. practiseC. practical D. practiced14.The ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judger B. judgmentC. judge D. judgement15.My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the news about Iraq War?A. lately B.
20、latestC. later D. latter16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in .A. longer B. lengthC. long D. longing17.To my , I passed the exam easily.A. joy B. joyfulC. joyless D. joyness18.Canada is mainly an country.A. English-speaking B. speak-EnglishC. spoken-English D. English-spoken19.How he is! He is a
21、lways acting .He is really a .A. foolish ;foolishly ;foolB.fool ;foolish ;foolC.foolish ;fool ;foolD.foolishly ;foolish ;fool20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It s of great A. valuable B. valueD.C. valuelessunvaluable21.There were fish in the river in South America.A. in danger B. dan
22、gerC. dangerous D. dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt ” is A. soundB. silentC. silenceD. sounded23.The child looked at me .A. stranger B. strangelyC. strange D. strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their bravely.A. free B. freelyC. freedom D. frees25.What yo
23、u said sounded but in fact it was untrue.A. reasonable B. reasonfulC. reasonless D. unreason26.We have to learn technology from other countries.A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced27.The children live in a village .They come here almost every day.A. nearby B. nearC. nearly D. near by28.M
24、r Black is an in the army, not an in the government. You can not easilyfind him in his .A. official ; officer ; officeB.officer ;office ;officialC.official ; official ;officialD.officer ;official ; office29.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep .A. health B. healthyC. healthily D. healthier30. speaking , I didn t do it on purpose.A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest 参考答案参考答案参考答案参考答案 1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA
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