发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版.docx

1、发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版A Comparison of Health Problems of Developing Countries and Developed Countries Development status of medical healthcare industry of developed countries: Americas medical care industry is highly concentrated. America is the largest medical investor, the growth of medical costs has exc

2、eeded the growth of GDP over the year and covers more than 20% of GDP now. In recent years, a great many large medical cluster have emerged in America such as Texas Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, all are equipped with more than 10 general hospitals and education and rese

3、arch centers. Huge medical market and relatively perfect hospitals constitute many large hospital enterprise groups, such as Hospital Corporation of America, which is the world largest private health service operator. HCA has about 200 hospitals and healthcare institutions in 12 states of America an

4、d Europe and more than 168,000 employees. With a wide coverage of free medical services, public hospitals cover 87.6% and private hospitals 4.6% in Canada, the rest are hospitals of the federal government. Tax revenues paid by citizens are allocated to hospitals, hospitals apply for an annual budget

5、 as per community situations, purchase equipment and hygienic materials, and distribute paychecks to employees excluding doctors. Doctors pay is covered by the government as per the patient bills. In addition to expenses for outpatient service and medicine, hospitalization expenses, meal fee and med

6、ical fee are free of charge. Wide coverage, convenience and operability of free medical service make Canadian medical care systems most popular in western countries. Swisss medical healthcare industry combines multiple ownerships and multi-level medical organizations. In recent years, Swiss medial h

7、ealthcare service industry has boomed, surpassed the scale of traditional horologe manufacturing industry and contributed to about 30% of GDP. Medical healthcare industry has become a strong power spurring Swisss economic growth which mainly features multiple ownership medical institutions and multi

8、-level medical organizations. Swisss medical institutions mainly contain hospitals and private clinics. The government adopts government regulations separate from management for public hospitals and appropriates hospital funds through the hospital union. Healthcare supporting service establishes a p

9、attern of diversified investment. About 25% of the aged choose demonstrative institutions for old-age care with sponsorship of the government and profit-seeking or non-profit institutions for old-age care with the investments of enterprises, social organizations and individuals such as old peoples h

10、ome, nursing home and hospice care institution. The former aims to solve supporting issues of childless old people under the charge of the government. With developed endowment industry, Japan is the country with the highest aging rate and the fastest aging speed. Three supporting patterns such as fa

11、mily supporting, hosing supporting and institution supporting are established in the long-term practice of coping with aging, where, institution supporting can be divided into special nursing home, nursing home and low-cost nursing home according to different types of the aged and demands. Japans en

12、dowment industry, called elderlys welfare industry, aging industry or silver industry etc, is a general term of folk profit-making activities aimed at satisfying high-level life and culture needs and providing the aged with commodities and services, it mainly consists of real estate, finance, housek

13、eeping service, articles for use, instrument, culture and life services and other industries. With huge investments in the development of health industry, the Japanese government pays close attention to health industry, meanwhile, commercial enterprises are prevented to seek excessive profits and th

14、us lower the service quality. Koreas health industry expands rapidly. In recent years, the Korean government has regarded health industry as a new growth power of the information technology era, established the target to enable Korea to be the world No.7 healthcare power in 2020, accelerated to buil

15、d top medical industrial districts, constructed core facilities such as new medicine development and supporting center, top medical facility development center and new medicine clinical experiment production center, and strived to enable Korea to be a genuine “international medical service hub” befo

16、re 2020. In order to study differences between developing countries and developed countries, we carry out analysis and comparison in the perspective of health education. Comparison of health education of China and developed countries: 1 Physical health education mode 1.1 Teaching mode Courses such a

17、s physical education, health and life safety are opened in China and developed countries with the view to teach students to learn or make progress in enhancement of physical fitness, improvement of physical quality, acquisition of health knowledge and skills, establishment of healthy life idea and f

18、ormation of healthy lifestyle. The fierce debate on name of physical education (and health) and “separate set mode” or “integrated set mode” of physical education curriculum and health curriculum arising from the Chinese 8th course reform is because knowledge of physical education is closely related

19、 to that of health, however, education institutions dont set up health curriculum independently but adopt the integrated set mode of physical education (and health) so as to implement physical health education, which covers not only physical education (and health) but also ideology and morality, soc

20、ial science, science and biology. The jurisdiction right of American education belongs to states with uniform set modes of physical education and health, where, 10 states such as New Jersey and New York set up the integrated curriculum of physical education and health education, while other 32 state

21、s such as Utah, Hawaii and Lodhran set up two courses separately. Western countries such as Germany and English adopt the separate set mode. Besides, health education is also set in Germany, and Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) is separately set n England. Both Australia and Japan use th

22、e integrated set mode. Australia sets up health and physical education, while Japan healthcare sports. In conclusion, the physical health education mode adopted in China and developed countries is actual the product of the combined action of educational administration systems, sports culture educati

23、on traditions and physical health education ideas. 1.2 Comparison The comparison of the physical health education mode of China and developed countries showed, the main similarity of the set mode of China, Australia and Japan, the separate set mode and integrated set mode of America as well as the s

24、eparate set mode of Germany and British focuses on the consistency of physical education (and health) through separate set mode or integrated set mode stressed on students synthetically and intensifying the proportion of “physical education” based on course through separate set mode or integrated se

25、t mode. The difference focuses on the integrated set mode of China, Australia and Japan, the separate set mode and integrated set mode of America, and the separate set mode of Germany and British. Both similarities and differences are originated from different production modes and life styles as wel

26、l as different cultural education tranditions of China and developed countries. 2. The management of physical health education2.1 Management systemJust like many developed countries ( not including Germany and USA that implement the decentralized management in their states), China has built the thre

27、e-level curriculum management system including the national curriculum standard, local curriculum standard and school teaching program. However, the subjects involved in the three-level curriculum system have been given different levels of authority. For example, PETeachingSyllabus, PE and Health Te

28、aching Syllabus and PE and Health Curriculum Standard adopted by many Chinese schools have gone through the delegation of authority, which is featured by the centralization, partially restrictive, standard provision and the instruction for three curriculums. The local government has owned the highes

29、t authority for the physical education and health courses. It also encourages the local schools to design the distinctive courses tailored to their actual condition. （Suzan F Ayers，ay D Martinez，2007）The Department of Education and Skills in the UK has laid out the standard for national curriculums

30、related to the health education and physical education. In cooperation with the National Ministry of Health, National Education Standard and Promotion Committee as well as the Qualification and Curriculum Quality Supervision Bureau, it has also engaged in the supervision, instruction and evaluation

31、of the relevant curriculums. The health curriculum adopted by those high schools in the UK is short for Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE). It became a course required by the national law in 2002. At present, even more than 50 percent of those high schools and elementary schools in the UK

32、have set up the position of the coordinator for health education. Those states and local authorities in Australia are jointly responsible for designing and managing the national curriculum standard for health education. For instance, the curriculum for health and physical education in New South Wale

33、s is short for Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE). It is also the only place naming its curriculum for health and physical education in this way on a global scale. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan is in charge of designing the Learning Instruction whose newest standard was completed during