武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解精品文档13页.docx

1、武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解精品文档13页2019年 武汉大学 博士研究生入学 英语试题及详解“师”之概念，大体是从先秦时期的“师长、师傅、先生”而来。其中“师傅”更早则意指春秋时国君的老师。说文解字中有注曰：“师教人以道者之称也”。“师”之含义，现在泛指从事教育工作或是传授知识技术也或是某方面有特长值得学习者。“老师”的原意并非由“老”而形容“师”。“老”在旧语义中也是一种尊称，隐喻年长且学识渊博者。“老”“师”连用最初见于史记，有“荀卿最为老师”之说法。慢慢“老师”之说也不再有年龄的限制，老少皆可适用。只是司马迁笔下的“老师”当然不是今日意义上的“教师”，其只是“老”和“师”的复合

2、构词，所表达的含义多指对知识渊博者的一种尊称，虽能从其身上学以“道”，但其不一定是知识的传播者。今天看来，“教师”的必要条件不光是拥有知识，更重于传播知识。 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points)教师范读的是阅读教学中不可缺少的部分，我常采用范读，让幼儿学习、模仿。如领读，我读一句，让幼儿读一句，边读边记；第二通读，我大声读，我大声读，幼儿小声读，边学边仿；第三赏读，我借用录好配朗读磁带，一边放录音，一边幼儿反复倾听，在反复倾听中体验、品味。 Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this

3、part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用

4、到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。为什么?还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。 Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:Auct

5、ions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or bids, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is c

6、alled knocking down the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition） whatThe ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autci

7、o, meaning increase. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning under the spear, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold by the candl

8、e: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history） howPractically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual f

9、or land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items） howAn auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and wh

10、ere and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a lot, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait un

11、til he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the biddin

12、g as high as possible. （process） how（363words）1. Why is the end of the bidding called knocking down? （fact/detail）A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down.C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table.D. Because the auctioneer bangs t

13、he table with a hammer.2. The Romans used to sell by auction _.（fact/detail）A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemy D. spears3. A candle used to bum at auction sales _.（judgment/inference）A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to ke

14、ep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the lots out of the order because _. A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people wa

15、itingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers（judgment/inference）Questios 5 to 8 are based on the following passage:Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of r

16、adiation are measured in units called rems. We all receive radiation here on Earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The normal dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Sc

17、ientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged, the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage - a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex orga

18、ns may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of children or even grandchildren. whatEarly space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun, they are accompanied

19、by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour. Missions to the moon have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation and, during the outward

20、 and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 millirems per man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of the Apollo noon walks because the walls of the LEMs were not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command mod

21、ules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, worki

22、ng in a space laboratory or in a base on the moon. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to space travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazar

23、d will turn out to be in the future.how (422words)5. Scientists have fixed a safety level of _.（fact/detail）A. 10 rems per yearB. 60 rems per yearC. 100 milliremes per yearD. 5 rems hour6. The spacemen were worried about solar flares when they were _.A. crossing the Van Allen beltsB. setting up a mo

24、on baseC. exploring the surface of the moon D. waiting in the command module（judgment/inference）7. When men spend long periods in space how will they protect themselves?A. By taking special drugs.B. By wearing special suits.C. By using a protective blanket.D. No solution has been found yet.（judgment

25、/inference）8. Which of the following is true?（judgment/inference）A. The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed.B. The children of astronauts have damaged sex organs.C. Radiation damage may show only in later generations.D. Radiation does not seem to be very harmful.Questions 9 to 12 are based on t

26、he following passage:Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more indep

27、endent, linking bosses pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by Americas larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of followin

28、g their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not.What (idea-attitude)Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the bosss friends from the board and replacing them with outside

29、rs looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsi

30、ders.Why-whatAll too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, independent boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link b

31、etween pay and performance. Why-howTo assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the rese

32、archers big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a companys overall success. HowIn short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage - which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having. (360words)