Chapter 1 History lessons 专业高中英语讲义 实用 原创.docx

1、Chapter 1 History lessons 专业高中英语讲义 实用 原创Chapter 1 History lessons-I was thereSection 1 You knowledgeLook at the pictures. Which historical events do the pictures illustrate? Match them to the events. A. First World War beginsB. Great Wall of China builtC. Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Sp

2、eciesD. Storming of the Bastille-start of the French RevolutionE. Terrorist attack demolishes World Trade Center in New YorkF. Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz produce the first automobilesG. Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona LisaH. First Olympic Games held in GreeceI.US drops first atomic bombs on Hi

3、roshima and NagasakiJ. American War of Independence beginsSection 2I was there24 August,AD79The eruption of VesuviusBy Pliny the YoungerThis was the eruption that destroyed and buried the towns of Popeii and HerculaneumOn 24 August, in the early afternoon, my mother drew attention to a cloud of unus

4、ual size and appearance. It was not clear at that distance from which mountain the cloud was rising.(It was afterwards known to be Vesuvius)Its general appearance can be expressed as being like an umbrella pine,for it rose to a great height on a sort of trunk and then split off into branches.Broad s

5、heets of fire leaping flames blazed at several points. By this time the courtyard was full of ashes so that its level had risen. The buildings were now shaking with violent shocks and seemed to be swaying to and fro.My mother and I finally decided to leave the town. We were followed by a panic-stric

6、ken mob of people. Once beyond the buildings we stopped,and there we had some extrodinary experiences which thoroughly alarmed us. We saw the sea sucked away and apparently forced back by the earthquake: it receded from the shore so that quantities of sea creatures were left standed on dry sand. On

7、the landward side a fearful black cloud parted to reveal great tongues of fire,like flashes of lightning magnified in size.Soon afterwards the cloud sank down to earth and coverd the sea:it had already blotted out Capri.You could hear the shrieks of women,the wailing of infants,the shouts of men.Man

8、y besought the aids of gods left,and that the universe was plunged into darkness for evermore.As last the darkness thinned.Then there was genuine daylight,and the sun actally shone out.We were terrified to see everything changed, buried deep in ashes like snowdrifts.12 December,1901The first radio s

9、ignal across the AtlanticBy Guglielmo MarconiThe signal was sent from Poldhu in Cornwall to Guglielmo Marconi, waiting on a cliff in Newfoundland.Shortly before mid-day I placed the signal earphone on my ear and started listening. The receiver on the table before me was very crudea few coils and con

10、densersno valves, no amplifiers, not even a crystal. The answer came at 12.30 when I heard, faintly but distinctly, pip-pip-pip. I handed the phone to Kemp: can you hear anything? I asked. Yes, he said. the letter S-he could hear it. I knew then that all my anticipations had been justified. The elec

11、tric waves sent out into space from Poldhu had traversed the Atlantic-the enormous distance of 1,700 miles-unimpeded by the curvature of the earth. The result meant much more to me than the mere successful realizations of an experiment, it was an epoch in history. I now felt for the first time absol

12、utely certain that the day would come when mankind would be able to send messages without wires not only across the Atlantic but also between the furthermost ends of the earth.QuestionsAwho is describing it? Is the person a protagonist or an observer?B. Who were the people involved? How did they rea

13、ct?C. Can you explain the feeling of the people when they said:a. Once beyond the buildings we stopped, and there we had some extraordinary experiences which thoroughly alarmed us.b. Many besought the aids of gods left, and that the universe was plunged into darkness for evermore.c. But I was at las

14、t on the point of putting the correctness of all my beliefs to the test.d. I knew then that all my anticipations had been justified.e. I now felt for the first time absolutely certain that the day would come when mankind would be able to send messages without wires not only across the Atlantic but a

15、lso between the furthermost ends of the earth.Words used to express a persons feelinganxious hopeful offended miserable regretful gloomy moody mad insane pleased irritated upset sorrowful disgusted grievous sorrowful panicked merry joyous grateful miserable uneasy depressed discouraged frustrated an

16、noyed enthusiastic puzzled confused D. Divide the words below into nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs.trunk split leapblazeswaypanic-strickenmobextraordinarythoroughalarmsuckapparentrecedequantitieslandwardfearfulrevealpartmagnifysinkplungewailing shriekterrifieddeeptraverseunimpededcurvaturewireep

17、ochE. Can you find the sentences in passive voices? How are they different in tenses?Section 3 Grammar Focus Passive Voice高中英语被动语态讲解一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变 化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibit

18、s.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end o

19、f last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done/

20、waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done一般将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his ne

21、w clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mothe

22、r for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the b

23、uilding. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一

24、些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the bo

25、y has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont

26、lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, fe

27、el等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well wor

28、th reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某

29、些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在ther

30、e be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表

31、被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名词”结构, 表