配套K12八年级英语下册《Unit 6 Topic 1 Were going on a spr.docx

1、配套K12八年级英语下册Unit 6 Topic 1 Were going on a sprUnit 6 Topic 1 Were going on a spring field trip Section C and D重难点解析二. 重点、难点：单词：queen 皇后，女王 draw 抽奖 抓阄，抽（签，牌）headmaster 中小学校长 cell phone= mobile phone 移动电话，手机 land 降落，登岸（陆），陆地 safely 安全地 forward 向前，前进 scene 景象，景色 daytime 白天，白昼，日间词组： come up with 想出（主意），

2、找到答案 look forward to （doing） sth. 期望做某事 in the daytime 在白天句型：1. Some schools come up with great ideas such as “King or Queen for a Day”.2. After a day of selling tickets, one ticket is drawn and that student will be the king or queen for the next school day.3. The student sits in the headmasters cha

3、ir for the day and even gets to call home using the headmasters cell phone.4. I am looking forward to hearing from you.5. We had a wonderful time on Mount Tai last week.6. We saw the sunrise and the sea of clouds on Mount Tai and visited Dai Temple in the daytime.7. It costs each student one dollar

4、to buy a ticket for the draw.语法：结果状语从句，动词不定式三. 具体内容：（一）构成和用法其形式是“to+动词原形”。to是不定式符号，无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。 所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词（who, whom, whos

5、e, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether）等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。 1. 作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用it作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如：To die like that is a terrible thing. =It is a terrible thing to die like that. 像那样死去是一件可怕的事。（it作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面）.To know oneself is difficult. =Its difficul

6、t t know oneself. 有自知之明不容易。To tell a lie is not always easy. =Its not always easy to tell a lie. 撒谎并非总是容易的。Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。Its against nature to remain single.保持单身是违反自然的。To see is to believe.眼见为实。For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. =It is a terrible

7、 thing for a dog to die like that. 一条狗像那样死去是一件可怕的事。（for a dog是不定式的主语）For one to know everything is impossible. =Its impossible for one to know everything. 一个人什么都知道是不可能的。For his brother John to go to sea seems natural. =It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。Itll be a g

8、reat shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了，那可太不应该了。Its not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我们不接受邀请不合适。（否定）It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。但是，下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由of引出：careless粗心的，clever聪明的，cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘气的，ni

9、ce好的，polite礼貌的，right正确的，rude无礼的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong错误的，等等。为什么这些词要用of引出不定式呢？因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 of sb.+ to do sth.”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“sb. + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb. to do sth.”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如：It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this t

10、ime. =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time. 强调你不明智。而 “It is difficult for you to learn English.”更强调学英语很难，不能写成You are difficult to learn English. （这句话含有逻辑错误。）Its very kind of you to come to see us off. =Youre kind to come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。Its unwise of him to drink and smok

11、e so much. =He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒抽这么多烟是不明智的。Its extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John杀害动物真是残忍之极。Its rude/polite of Jack to say this to her. Jack对她说这个，很无礼/不礼貌。2. 作宾语及宾语补语。（1） 有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：afford负担得起，agree同意，arrange安排，ask要求，attempt试图，beg乞求，begin开始，choose选

12、择，claim声称，consent同意，dare敢，decide决定，decline谢绝，desire欲想，demand要求，determine决心，expect期待，fail失败，forget忘记，hate讨厌，help帮助，hope希望，intend打算，learn学习，like喜欢，long渴望，manage设法，mean打算，need需要，offer主动提出，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，prepare准备，pretend假装，promise答应，refuse拒绝，remember记得，seek寻求，seem好像，tend倾向，threaten威胁，undertake承担，volu

13、nteer志愿，want想要，wish希望等。例如：I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties. 我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。（2） 不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有：as

14、k询问，advise建议，consider考虑，decide决定，discover发现，discuss讨论，explain解释，find out查明，forget忘记，inquire打听，know知道，learn学会，remember记得，show演示，tell告诉，teach教，think想，understand懂得，wonder想知道，等等。例如：I dont know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。They havent decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。此外，这种不定式结构还可

15、作主语，表语和介词宾语等，如：How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. 怎样过幸福生活是个很难回答的问题。The question is whom to choose for the position.问题是这个位置选谁。That was a discussion about how to increase their strength.那是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。He said nothing about what to do with her.关于拿她怎么办，他啥也没说。She asked my sugg

16、estion just now about where to go for her holidays.关于去哪里度假，她刚才征求了我的意见。（3） 有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有：ask请求，advise劝告，allow允许，beg乞求，believe相信，call on号召，cause促使，compel强迫，command指挥，direct指导，enable使能够，encourage鼓励，expect期望，feel觉得，force迫使，get使得，hate不喜欢，have使，hear听见，help帮助，inspire鼓舞，intend 打算,invite邀请,instruc

17、t指示，know知道，lead引导，let让，like喜欢，listen to 听，look at看，make 使得, notice注意到, observe观察，order命令，permit允许，persuade说服，prefer更喜欢，press施加压力，remind提醒，request请求，teach教，tell告诉，urge敦促，want 想要，warn警告，wish希望，等等。例如：I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college

18、 student. 托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。They helped you to get on the bus, didnt they? 他们帮你上了汽车，不是吗？（4）有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有：feel觉得，have使，hear听见，help帮助，let让，listen to 听，look at看，make使，notice 注意，see看见，observe 观察，watch观看等，一类是感官动词，一类是使役动词。例如；A policeman saw the accident happen.一位警察看见事故发生。We listened to her t

19、alk about her experience abroad. 我们听她讲国外的经历。Wed be glad to have you work with us. 我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。上述help后面的不定式省掉to与保留to都可以。在被动语态中，上述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。例如：I heard the dog come in. =The dog was heard to come in.我听见那条狗进来。 有人听见那条狗进来。I saw her go out by bike. =She was seen to go out by bike.我看见她骑着自行车出去了。有

20、人看见她骑着自行车出去了。Can I help （to） lift this heavy box? 我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱子吗？You may as well help me （to）get things straight.你不妨帮我把东西整理好。She helped the old woman （to） cross the street.她帮助那位老妇人过街。在had better（最好），would rather（宁愿），would sooner（宁愿），would （just） as soon（宁愿），cannot but（不能不，不由得不），cannot help but（不能不，

21、不由得不）等短语后面也跟不带to的不定式：He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人说也不愿自己说。He would sooner play than work.他宁愿玩也不愿干活。 You had better go right away.你最好立即就走。I would rather take this method.我倒愿意采取这个办法。Id rather walk than take a bus.我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。Shed rather die than lose the children.她宁可死也不愿失

22、去孩子们。Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.Shed sooner stay at home.I would as soon do it by myself.I would just as soon stay as go. 我宁愿住下也不愿走。We couldnt but weep at the sad news.You cant but respect them.rather than和sooner than同义，都是“宁可”，“与其（不如）”，“不是（而是）”的意思。当它们放在句首时，其后跟不带to的不定式；在其它位置时其后的不

23、定式可带也可不带to:Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything.他把一切都告诉了妻子，宁可冒离婚的危险。Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. 她宁可当女招待养活自己，也不嫁给那个男人。He decided to write rather than telephone.他决定写信，不打电话。The ma

24、nager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.经理相信重要的是投资买新机器，而不是增加工资。Rather than John do it, Id prefer to do the job myself. 与其让John干这件事情，我宁可自己动手。在以why 起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式： Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢？Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢？Why not rel

25、ax yourself? 为什么不放松你自己呢？Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格呢？Why not give the $40 to Tom? 干吗不把那40美金给汤姆呢？For Gods sake, why bring that up again? 看在上帝的份上，干吗又提这事呢？Why split hairs over the color of the dress? 干吗对连衣裙的颜色吹毛求疵呢？Why run this risk? 干吗冒这个险？Why risk breaking the law? 干吗冒犯法的险呢？（5）不定式

26、作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时，常用it来代替不定式短语，而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有：consider认为，feel觉得，find发现，make使，think认为，等等。例如：I think it best to go. 我想最好走。Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你觉得派我们的医生去对吗？I found it strange for her not to come today.我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。注意：hope希望，demand要求，suggest建议，这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。错：I h

27、ope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。I suggest you to take him seriously.我建议你要把他当回事。We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。对：I hope that youll be happy.我希望你快乐。I suggest that you take him seriously.我建议你要把他当回事。I advise you not to take him seriously.我建议你不要把他当回事。We demanded that they give us

28、 a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。3. 作定语。不定式短语作定语时，一般放在被修饰的词之后，有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。常见的有：ability能力，agreement一致，协议，ambition抱负、野心，anxiety焦急，attempt试图，campaign战役，chance机会，claim声称，courage勇气，decision决定，determination决心，drive努力，eagerness殷切的心情，effort努力，failure失败，hope希望，intention目的意图，motive force动力，movement运动、协议，n

29、eed需要，opportunity机会，plan计划，promise诺言，readiness乐意，refusal拒绝，reluctance勉强不愿，resolution决心，tendency倾向，right权力，struggle斗争，threat威胁，time时候，way方法，willingness愿意，wish希望。与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如ability be able to, agreement agree to 等。作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。例如：There is not any one to save him.没有任何能救他的人。Hes a not a m

30、an to tell lies.他不是那种撒谎的人。 Hes a man to be trusted 他是个可以信赖的人。He needs love to strengthen his broken heart. 他需要爱来给他那破碎的心以力量。I dont understand his idea to send his son to the Sahara.我不明白他把儿子送到撒哈拉沙漠的想法。I need to buy a box to hold my CDs. 我需要买个装CD片的盒子。This visit is a good opportunity to learn Chinese.这次

31、访问是学习中文的好机会。No investigation, no right to speak.没有调查就没有发言权。Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble.不多言是避免麻烦的最好办法。This is a good way to make money.这是个赚钱的好方法。We were given some bread to eat.给了我们一些面包吃。Ive a lot of things to take care of in the office today.今天我办公室里有很多事情要处理。Have you got a key to unlock this door? 你有开这个门的钥匙吗?He needs a place to live in. 他需要有个住的地方。This is not a pen to write with but to draw with.这不是写字而是画画用的笔。I have not a friend to talk with.我没有能谈心的朋友。作定语时，也可以给不定式加上主语。例如：The order for the army to start has been given.已经发出了让部队开始的命令。The power for science to ser