高考英语语法突破专题2非谓语动词讲义.docx

1、高考英语语法突破专题2非谓语动词讲义专题2非谓语动词非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done动名词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done分词现在一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去一般式done(vi.)表完成done(vt.)表被动与完成非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语(1)不定式作状语表示目的I stop

2、ped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him.(2)现在分词作状语一般式doing表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)完成式having done

3、表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.被动式having been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)(3)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。Seen from the top of the mo

4、untain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)2.非谓语动词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her.(2)不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.不定式作定语

5、的特殊用法：下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.(3)过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。You cannot accept an

6、opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.His first book published last month is based on a true story.注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，

7、like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come，get，grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地”。David refused to accept my invitation.She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her.注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。I dont know how to de

8、al with this kind of matter.(2)动词admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.动词短语cant stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist

9、on，look forward to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.介词后要接动名词作宾语，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等的介

10、词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started.注意：表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。I like listening to music，but today I dont like to.want，require，need表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。The pat

11、ient required to be examined.The patient required examining.4.非谓语动词作主语(1)动名词作主语Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)(2)不定式作主语To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.It is important to respect people.(

12、不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)5.非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at等。I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.I wont have you

13、 speaking to your dad like that.I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动，正在进行)过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her

14、plane left.I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(2)不定式作补语接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on/upon，long for，wait for等。I didnt mean you to

15、 hear it.Were all longing for the new term to begin.接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make，have，let等使役动词以及see，watch，notice，observe，look at，feel，hear，listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.She was seen to enter the manager

16、s office ten minutes ago.(3)with宾语宾补The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.6.非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语

17、时，说明主语的内容。The queens work is laying eggs.(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识2.缺少搭配意识3.缺少前后主语一致意识(误)Beforehanding in your test paper，it is necessary to go over the whole paper.(正)Beforehanding in your test paper，you

18、 should go over the whole paper.(正)Beforeyouhand in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper.4.缺少结构意识考向1作宾语或补足语.单句语法填空1.I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes.(2018全国)解析动词avoid后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用looking。2.Once his message was delivered，h

19、e allowed me tostay (stay) and watch.(2018全国)解析固定短语allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事，应该用to stay作宾补。3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken(take).(2018天津)解析句意为：我需要一个新护照，所以我得去让人给我拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。4.Fat and salt are very important parts of

20、 a diet.They are required toprocess(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (2017全国)解析require sth./sb.to do sth.需要某物/某人做某事，此处用其被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。5.Fast food is full of fat and salt；by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more s

21、alt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全国)解析表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。6.This included digging up the road，laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.(2017全国)解析included后的dig，lay，build是三个并列的动作，根据digging及building可知，lay也应用动名词形式作included的宾语。7.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows

22、along with top models，wants toprove(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国)解析want to do sth.想要做某事，动词不定式作want的宾语。8.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without using(use) electric equipment.(2015全国)解析介词wi

23、thout之后的动词要用动名词形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish.(2018全国)解析此处用动名词作介词by的宾语。2.As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to them，my parents would not let me.(2018全国)解析ask to do sth.要求做某事。3.When summer comes，they will invit

24、e their students pick the fresh vegetables！(2017全国)解析invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事。4.We can choose between staying at home and a trip.(2016全国)解析此处为between.and.结构，连接动名词短语作宾语，故此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。5.The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming.(2015浙江)解析make后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻

25、辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形。考向2作主语或表语.单句语法填空1.It took him a long time toacquire(acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.(2018天津)解析句意为：他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。考查动词不定式作主语。在It takes/took sb.some time to do sth.句型中，it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。2.Traveling(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and

26、rewarding experience.(2018北京)解析句意为：沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。“ along the old Silk Road”作主语，要用动名词。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.In their spare time，they are in planting vegetables in their garden，which is on the rooftop of their house. (2017全国)解析interesting意为“有趣的”，多指事物；interested意为“感兴趣的”，多指人。该句的主语是they，故用interested

27、作表语。be interested in意为“对感兴趣”。2. tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)解析分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为Have tea in the late afternoon这部分，动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语。考向3作定语单句语法填空1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my

28、days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)解析因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to

29、 find something toeat(eat)！(2016四川)解析不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。句意为：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！3.Abercrombie&Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)解析句中已有谓语动词arranges，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词peo

30、ple之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。4.A study of travelers conducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国)解析句意为：TripAdvisor网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知，study与conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰名词study。考向4作状语.单句语法填空1.Th

31、e government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice toimprove(improve) water quality.(2018全国)解析句意为：为了改善水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to improve。2.Ordinary soap，used(use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.(2018北京)解析因为句子中已有谓语动词，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use之间是被动关系，因此应该用过去分词作状语，u