高中英语语法考点纵览第12章 三大从句.docx

1、高中英语语法考点纵览第12章 三大从句高中英语语法考点纵览第十二章 三大从句一、 概述从句依托于主句而存在，隶属于主句。从句作为一种重要的句法形式在英语法中起着举足轻重的作用。本章从从句的分类（三大从句：名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）入手，详尽介绍了每种从句的具体用法，包括定义、作用、关联词的用法及相关比较。最后，对本章内容进行了全面总结，提炼精华。把从句上升到一定的理论高度，运用从句去剖析一些重要语言现象的本质，搭建知识点之间的联系。本章内容较整，在学好每种从句的基础之上，结合知识网形成完整的知识体系，充分运用从句解决实际的语言问题。二、 从句的分类根据从句在主

2、从复合句中的作用（或相当某个词在句中的作用可将从句分为：名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）、副词性从句（状语从句）。下面将全面阐述各类从句的具体用法。三、 名词性从句1、 定义及分类在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分的从句称之为名词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。所有的名词性从句都用陈述语序。2、 作用名词性从句在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分，每个名词性从句的名称都是由其所在主从复合句中所充当的句子成分所决定的。主语从句充当主语的作用，相应地宾语从句充当宾语、表语从句充当表语、同位语从句充当同位语。3、引导名词性从句的关联词主从复合句中主句和从句之间要有

3、连词予以连接，引导名词性从句的关联词主要有以下几种。连接词that、whether和ifA、连词that无实义，在一定情况下可以省略。whether和if有具体意义表示“是否”，不能省略。that和whether可以引导所有的名词性从句；if只能引导宾语从句或不放在句首的主语从句。（即用先行it作形式主语）B、whether引导的名词性从句可以放在复合句的句首，而if引导的名词性从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面。引导宾语从句时，whether和if一般情况下可以互换。C、whether可以作介词的宾语而if不可以。D、whether可以接不定时而if不可以。E、可以说whether or no，表

4、示“无论如何、不管”if则不可以。F、whether和if常用在ask、see、know、wonder等动词后表示“是否”。G、可以说no matter whether 或no matter if表示“无论如何”H、这三个连词在句中只起到连接主从句的作用，不充当任何句子成分。例如：That he is respected by everyone is natural.（主语从句）Whether it rains or not doesnt matter. (句首主语从句不用if，但可以说It doesnt matter if it rains or not.)I want to know wh

5、ether (if) he will help us.（宾语从句）The fact is that the train has left.（表语从句）The question is whether we can finish it on time.（表语从句不可用if）We are discussing the problem of whether we should borrow some money from the bank.（作介词的宾语不可用if）I dont know whether to continue my schooling or to join the army.（同不定

6、时连用不可用if）The problem whether we have enough money to carry out the project upsets us.（同位语从句不可用if）No matter whether (if ) others agree with me or not, I will make my own way.I、doubt表示“怀疑、不知道”用于肯定句时后接whether或if从句；用于疑问句和否定句时后接that从句。但当doubt表示“强烈的不相信”时，在陈述句中后接that从句。例如：I doubt whether (if) he will call

7、on us.（肯定句中用whether或if）I dont doubt that it will be sunny today.（否定句同that）Do you doubt that he will win the game? （疑问句中用that）I doubt that he isnt honest; he is more reliable.（doubt表示“强烈的不相信”，后接that从句）、关系代词在传统的语法中，有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分。连接代词和连接副词引导名词性从句；关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句。但在现代英语语法中，不再作此区分，统称为关系代词和关系副词。引

8、导名词性从句的关系代词有who谁（主格）、whom谁（宾格）、whose谁的（所有格）、which哪一个、what什么东西及一些缩合连接代词如：whatever无论什么、whoever无论谁、whichever无论哪一个。关系代词在从句中一般起到双重作用既起到连接主从句的作用，又担当主语、宾语、表语和定语等句子成分。例如：Who will be elected as president of this state hasnt been decided.Whose duty it is today is none of your business.A、关系代词what的用法a、what有时保留它

9、原有的疑问意义，表示“什么”；有时作双重关系代词，既可指人也可指物，指物时相当于all that或the thing that；指人时相当于the person（s）that。要注意这种用法的what本身已包括先行词故前面无需再用先行词，前面有先行词时，视具体情况用that、who或which。what既起到连接的作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，且这种用法的what一般同时充当两个句子成分，在主句中充当一个成分，同时又在从句中充当一个句子成分。例如：The doctor asked the man whats the matter with him.The diary reminded

10、me of what I had done at my college （what充当主句介词of的宾语，同时又充当从句had done的宾语）That is what I learnt from the magazine.（what充当主句的表语，同时充当从句learned的宾语）What had been said couldnt be saved.（what充当主句的主语，同时充当从句的主语）Dont try to be what you are not.（what充当主句的表语，同时充当从句的表语）All what he said was reasonable.（错）What he s

11、aid was reasonable.（正）All that he said was reasonable.（正）That is a car what I cant afford. （错）That is a car that (which) I cant afford.（正）b、what既可以是疑问代词，也可以是关系代词。其区别是：含what的句子谓语动词含有不肯定、询问的意义时，what为疑问代词；反之，之具体的事件表示肯定意义时，what为关系代词。例如：I dont know what she is doing.（疑问代词）I understood what he said.（关系代词）

12、What will happen in the future is hard to say. （疑问代词）What you do today will affect your future. （关系代词）c、关系代词what用于“what is（was）+比较级”结构中，表示“更尤其”，常用作插入语。例如：He drives very carelessly; whats worse, it caused a serious traffic accident.She joined the club and whats mare surprising, she became the best si

13、nger.d、what在引导从句的时候还可以作定语表示“所有的、任何的或仅有的”等含义。例如：I have learnt all the money I have to him. (=all the money that)Doctors promised to give the sick boy what help they could (=any help that)In the desert the man sacrificed to give what little water to others. (=all the water that)B、缩合连接代词的用法a、 缩合连接代词有wh

14、atever（=no matter what或anything that）无论什么、whoever（=no matter who或anyone who）无论何人、whichever（=no matter which）无论哪个。这些缩合连接代词含有先行词，类似于what。他们起着连接主从句和充当句法成分的双重作用，其后无需再用连词。例如： Whatever that you do will have an effect.（错） Whatever you do will have an effect.（正） Whoever that attends the concert will enjoy a

15、 free ticket（错） Whoever attends the concert will enjoy a free ticket（正）b、作不带先行词的关系代词时只能用whoever不能用who；因为whoever本身兼有先行词和关系代词，同样如果已有了先行词便只能用who不能用whoever。例如： Whoever wins the election will have the support of the both parties. (正) Who wins the election will have the support of the both parties.（错） Peo

16、ple whoever have aims will have endless power. （错）People who have aims will have endless power. (正)C、关系副词引导名词性从句的关系副词有：when（=the time when）什么时候、何时、where（=the place where）什么地方、何地、how（=the way in which）如何、怎么样、why（=the reason why）为什么。这些关系代词同样起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。关系副词引导的从句在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。应注意名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。例

17、如：When we can complete the project is unknown.（引导主句从句，同时作从句的时间状语）The government hasnt decided where the college will be built.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的地点状语）Thats how he spent his four-year college life. (引导表语从句，同时作从句的方式状语)I want to know why she refuses my invitation.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的原因状语）D、but、but that和but whata、

18、用于no doubt、not doubt和not deny之后相当于that。例如：There is no doubt but that he is the best student in the class.She didnt doubt but that (but) he was a reliable man.We cant deny but what the problem should be solved as soon as possible.b、用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后，相当于thatnot。例如：Who can say but that it may rain.=who ca

19、n say that it may not rain.She can hardly believe but what he will love her.=She can hardly believe that he wont love her.c、but that可引导条件从句，这时but that表示“要不是、若不是”，相当于ifnot，主句常用虚拟语气。例如：But that she helped me, I would have failed.=If she hadnt helped me, I would have failed.d、另外，but可作从属连词，表示“唯一的条件”意为“而

20、不、若不、除非”相当于unless。例如：Nothing will do but I must leave.e、but还可表示“可能性”无实义，相当于连接词that。例如：Its ten to one but he will come.4、主语从句定义及作用：用作主语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作主语）；由定义可知，主语从句在主从复合句中作主语。用法A、it作形式主语替代主语从句为了避免头重脚轻，大多数主语从句都可以用it代替作形式主语而把主语从句至于句尾。that、whether和if以及when、where、why、how、who、what、whose引导的主语从句都可用it代替，tha

21、t不可省，当然有实意的关系代词和关系副词更不能省略。但是当what作为缩合关系代词引导的主语从句，一般不用it作形式主语。whatever、whoever、wherever、whichever一般不用it作形式主语。例如：That the boy helps others is a good thing. （正）It is a good thing that the boy helps others.（正）When they will start out is being discussed. （正）It is being discussed when they will start out.

22、 （正）What the boy needs is just a piece of cake. （正）It is just a piece of cake what the boy needs.（错）Whoever enters the meeting hall shall show his ID card. （正）It shall show his ID card whoever enters the meeting hall. （错）Whether the plan is good or not should be tested. （正）It should be tested whethe

23、r the plan is good or not. （正）B、用it作形式主语的常见主语从句结构a、It+be动词+名词+主语从句It is a pity that遗憾的是It is a shame that可耻的是It is a good thing that是件好事It is a mystery that是个谜It is a fact that事实是It is a wonder that是个奇迹It is no wonder that难怪It is an honor that很荣幸It is good news that是好消息b、It+be动词+形容词+主语从句It is import

24、ant that是重要的It is impossible that是不可能的It is strange that很奇怪It is clear that是显然的It is natural that是很自然的c、It+be动词+过去分词+主语从句It is reported that据报道It is believed that相信It is not decided that尚未决定It is announced that据宣布It is to be discussed that有待讨论It is estimated that据估计It is to be noted that值得注意的是It is

25、universally believed that普遍认为It can safely be said that完全可以说d、It+不及物动词+主语从句It happens that碰巧It follows that接下来It seems/appears that看来、似乎It turns out that 结果e、其它It is of great importance that非常重要It doesnt matter that没关系It strikes/occurs to/dawns on me that我突然想到C、主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况一般情况下，主语从句可用形式主语it代替而将真

26、正的主语从句后置，也可将主语从句放在句首，大多数情况下两者可以互换。在下列四种情况下主语从句不可提前而必须用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置。 a、It is said/believed/reported that结构中主语不可提前。例如：It was reported that a war between the two countries broke out.（正）That a war between the two countries broke out was reported.（错）b、It happens/occurs结构中主语不可提前。例如：It happens that

27、I meet my old friend in the cinema. （正）That I meet my old friend in the cinema happens. （错）It occurred to me that I hadnt locked the door. （正）That I hadnt locked the door occurred to me. （错）c、It doesnt matter 结构中主语不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether you buy it or not. （正）Whether you buy it or not doesn

28、t matter. （错）c、含主语从句的主从复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it a fact that he has joined the army? （正）Is that he has joined the army a fact? （错）5、宾语从句定义及作用：用作宾语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作宾语）；由定义可知，宾语从句在主从复合句中作宾语。引导词that、whether和if的用法。A、that引导宾语从句时，主要用以陈述一个事实，一般情况下that都可省略，但在下列情况下that不可省略。a、当that宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，that不可省略。例如：Th

29、at he never did such a thing I simply cant believe.b、当that宾语从句紧跟在间接宾语之后时，that不可省略。例如：The teacher advised us that we should pay enough attention to reading and writing.c、动词后接两个或更多宾语从句，从第二个宾语从句开始that不可省略。例如：Everyone could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked.d、动词+it+that结构中，宾语从句引导词th

30、at不可省略。例如：He had it that he had the freedom to get along with anybody.We should see to it that the door is locked.e、宾语从句为一个主从复合句时，that不可省略。这里的that起到统领主从复合句构成一个整体作宾语的作用。例如：He always thinks that if one spares no pains to do something, he will succeed in the end.The hero held that even though you kille

31、d me, I wouldnt give in.f、当宾语从句与谓语动词之间有时间或地点状语时，that不能省略，否则会产生歧义。例如：She said last night that she had finished her homework.She said last night she had finished her homework第一句中的last night修饰said，含义是“她昨晚说她已经完成了作业”。第二句省略了that其含义可能与第一句相同，也可能是“她说她昨晚已经完成了作业”。g、谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，that不可省略。例如：He said, believe it or not, that it was a fact.We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.h、做少数几个介词in、but、except、save和notwithunderstanding的宾语从句时，that不可省略。例如：He is a little diffe