英语被动语态总结.docx

1、英语被动语态总结英语被动语态总结一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2) has /have been done 现在完成时All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3) am/

2、is /are being done 现在进行时A new cinema is being built here4) was/were done 一般过去时I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 过去完成时By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 过去进行时A meeting was being held wh

3、en I was there.7) shall/will be done 一般将来时Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8) should/would be done 过去将来时The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）The project will have been completed before July.10) should/would have

4、been done 过去将来完成时（少用）He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。His mother gave him a present for his birthday

5、. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t

6、o。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。I dont like being laughed at in th

7、e public.二、 如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized

8、by people. （一个主语就够了） 三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说It is reported that据报道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that众所周知It is thought that大家认为It

9、is suggested that据建议It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主

10、语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表

11、示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟

12、动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此

13、处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5. 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is t

14、oo expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting

15、the fire?六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。The building is under construction( is being constructed).2.

16、 “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised en

17、ough4. “for+名 词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5. “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 高中英语被动语态的语法整理2007-02-16 16:17提问者悬赏：20分|匿名|分类：外语学习 | 浏览18487次寒假作业,语法书上实在

18、太笼统,谢谢帮忙!2007-02-16 16:22网友采纳被动语态英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。今天我们着重讲被动语态。1. 定义：被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多

19、月后才得到工资是常有的事”。2. 构成：be+past participle(过去分词)(简称P.P.)（+by+动作执行者）（过去分词的概念见上课）3. 当主动语态要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为改句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，不及物动词由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语，可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不即物动词，但put out是及物动词4. 应用到各种时态和句型如下： 一般式（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来）：am, is,

20、are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。同样的，还有，I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended （by m

21、e）. 进行时（现在进行、过去进行、将来进行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned. 完成时（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 oclock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished. 其他时态依词类推，可得到结果。 情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed. 不定式的被

22、动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。）、主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类动词有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work fo

23、r 10 hours a day. 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等 是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the ju

24、nction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to S

25、t. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him thi

26、s house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father. 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。 当宾语为同源宾语（与主句指同一人），动名词，动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,. 在一些固定

27、说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word. 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him. 表地点处所组织长度大小数量程度抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动. 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, sha

28、ke hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等1 被动语态的构成 由于不及物动词不能带宾语，故无被动语态，只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态，其基本构成方式是“助动词be过去分词”。 注意：“be过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态，有些动词（如 be，feel，look，seem等）后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，用作表语表示状态。如： My bike is broken（我的自

29、行车坏了。） The door is open（门开了。）2 主动语态改被动语态的方法 1）将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。 2）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如： He gave the boy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple w

30、as given to the boy） Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father） 3）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如： They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to sing that morning 4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang He cut his hair shortHis hair was cut short They told him to help meHe was told to help me 5）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词