16世纪英国文学教案.docx

1、16世纪英国文学教案The Historical Background 1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of the feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.2. common-public lands3. Thomas More/托马斯莫尔-Utopia4. After the Enclosure in English, the helpless, dispossessed peasants, be

2、ing compelled to work at a low wage, became hired laborers for the merchants. These laborers were the fathers of the modern English proletarians.5. absolute monarchy6. King Henry VIII broke off with the Pope and became the head of the English church. What did it mean? 7. The Wars of Roses (1455-1485

3、) between the House of Lancaster and the House of York struggling for the Crown continued for 30 years. 争夺皇位的红白玫瑰战争(Wars of the Roses) (1455年1487年)，通常指英国兰开斯特王朝(House of Lancaster)和约克王朝(House of York)的支持者之间为了英格兰王位的断续内战。两个家族都是金雀花王朝(Plantagenet)皇族的分支，是英王爱德华三世的后裔。玫瑰战争不是当时所用的名字，它来源于两个皇族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红玫瑰和约克的

4、白玫瑰。8. The merchants and handicraftsmen who were the supporters of King Henry VIIIs policy, gradually developed into a new class-the class of bourgeoisie.9. The progress of bourgeois economy made England a powerful state.10. In 1588, England defeated the Spanish Invincible Armada. The victory consol

5、idated Great Britains might on the high seas and in world trade.11. The 16th century saw the contradiction between the wealth of the ruling classes and the poverty of the people. That caused many uprisings of the peasantry who had been freed from serfdom but, at the same time, deprived of their home

6、s and means of subsistence. The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.12. The period is also called the Renaissance Period. The term Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It had its origin in North Italy(Florence) in the fourteenth century, and spread northward to other European countries-to France, t

7、o Germany, to the Low Countries(Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg and so on). It revived classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Actually, In the Renaissance Period, scholars and educators who called themselves Humanists began to emphasize the dignity of

8、 human beings and the importance of this life. Instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the happiness in this life. Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. The Greek and Roman claimed that man is the measure of all things. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakes

9、peares Hamlet:What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals. 人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天

10、使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！13. Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599) Spenser is often referred to as “the poets poet” because his influence on later poets was considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age.14. His Masterpiece The Faerie QueeneSpensers fam

11、e in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene. The Faerie Queene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of which he finished only six. The poem was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The whole poem is suffused with genuine devotion to the queen and the country. Selected

12、 reading from The Faerie QueeneA Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine, Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde.Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,The cruell markes of manya bloudy fielde;Yet armes till that time did he never wield:His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,As much

13、disdayning to the curbe to yield:Full jolly knight he seemed, and faire did sitt.As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt. Writing Features of the PoemThe long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very musical.Spenser invented a new verse form f

14、or this poem. The verse form has been called “Spenserian Stanza” since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the last line in iambic hexameter. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c. Because of its rare beauty, this verse form was much used b

15、y nearly all the later poets, especially imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.15. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)Aeschylus/希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯伟大的英国文艺复兴时期剧作家、诗人威廉莎士比亚于1564年4月23日生于英国中部瓦维克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福的一位富裕的市民家庭。其父约翰莎士比亚是经营羊毛、皮革制造及谷物生意的杂货商，1565年任镇民政官，3年后被选为镇长。他少年时代曾在当地的一所主要教授拉丁文的“文学学校”学习，掌握了写作的基本技巧

16、与较丰富的知识，但因他的父亲破产，未能毕业就走上独自谋生之路。他当过肉店学徒，也曾在乡村学校教过书，还干过其他各种职业，这使他增长了许多社会阅历。During the twenty-two years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long narrative poems. Literary CareerWilliam Shakespeares literary career can be chronologically divided into four periods.1) Period of

17、 early experimentation/of apprenticeshipThis period, dated form 1590 to 1594, is marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of language, and by the frequent use of rimed couplets with his blank verse. It is the period of apprenticeship in which he made over old plays or wr

18、ote new ones largely imitation of other men. The main plays written in this period are:1590: Henry VI, Part II and Part III (English History) 亨利六世（中、下）1591: Henry VI, Part I (English History) 亨利六世（上）1592: Richard III (English History) 理查三世 The Comedy of Error (Comedy) 错误的喜剧15921593：Venus and Adonis

19、(Narrative poem) 维纳斯和埃道尼斯Sonnets 十四行诗1593: The Rape of Lucrece (Narrative Poem) 鲁克丝受辱记 Tinus Andronicus (Tragedy) 泰特斯安特尼斯克斯 The Taming of the Shrew (Comedy) 驯悍记1594: The Two Gentlemen of Verona (Comedy)维洛斯二绅士 Loves Labours Lost (Comedy) 爱的徒劳 Romeo and Juliet (Tragedy) 罗密欧与朱丽叶 2) Period of Rapid Grow

20、th and Development In this period, dated from 1595 to 1600, William Shakespeare excelled all his contemporaries in historical plays and romantic comedies. Style and approach became highly individualized. The main plays written during this period are: 1595: Richard II (English History) 理查二世 A Midsumm

21、er Nights Dream (Comedy) 仲夏夜之梦1596: King John (English History) 约翰王 The Merchant of Venice (Comedy) 威尼斯商人 Edward III (English History) 爱德华三世1597: Henry IV, Part I and II (English History) 亨利四世（上、下）1598: Much Ado About Nothing (Comedy) 无事生非 Henry V (English History) 亨利五世 The Merry Wives of Windsor (C

22、omedy) 温莎的风流娘儿们1599: Julius Caesar (Roman Tragedy) 裘力斯凯撒 As You Like It (Comedy) 皆大欢喜1600: Twelfth Night (Comedy) 第十二夜3) Period of Gloom and Depression This period, dated from 1600 to 1607, marks the full maturity of his power, it was devoted largely to tragedies. In this period Shakespeare produced

23、 his most powerful works: his great tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. In depth of thought, in searching analysis of human motive, in the expression of the profoundest feelings, his tragedies make one of the most magnificent creations of the human mind. The main plays written in this period

24、are:1601: Hamlet (Tragedy) 哈姆雷特1602: Troilus and Cressida (Tragicomedy) 特洛埃勒斯与克雷西德 Alls Well That Ends Well (Tragicomedy) 终成眷属1604: Measure for Measure (Tragicomedy) 一报还一报 Othello (Tragedy) 奥赛罗1605: King Lear (Tragedy) 李尔王 Macbeth (Tragedy) 麦克白1606: Antony and Cleopatra (Roman Tragedy) 安东尼奥与克里奥佩特拉16

25、07: Coriolanus (Roman Tragedy) 克莉奥兰纳斯 Timon of Athens (Tragedy) 雅典的泰门4) Period of Calm and Storm This period marks the last few years of Shakespeares literary work. His last few years (1608-1613) had neither the lightness of the beginning nor the somber violence of the middle period of his career. T

26、hey had a spirit of serenity, and optimism. Shakespeare again turned to comedies. Works written in this period are:1608: Pericles (Romance) 配利克斯亲王1609: Cymbeline (Romance) 辛白林1610: The Winters Tale (Romance) 冬天的故事1612: The Tempest (Romance) 暴风雨 Henry VIII (English History) 亨利八世1613?: The Two Noble Kinsmen (Tragicomedy) 两个高贵的亲戚 莎士比亚故居莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：哈姆雷特（英：Hamlet)、奥赛罗（英：Othello)、李尔王（英：King Lear）、麦克白（英：Macbeth）。四大喜剧：仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、第十二夜、皆大欢喜（As you like it）。