医学英语.docx

1、医学英语Unit one1. jar: Without the skeletal system, the slightest jar to the body would damage the internal organs.2. cranial 3. vertebra: A vertebra (plural: vertebrae) is an individual irregular bone in the spinal or vertebral column (aka ischis), a flexuous and flexible column that is a defining cha

2、racteristic of vertebrate animals.There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum（骶骨） (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones(尾骨) which form the tailbone. The upper three regions comprise the remai

3、ning 24, and are grouped under the names cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar（腰） (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy. 4. phosphorus: The bones store minerals. The principal stored minerals are calcium and phosphorus.Calci- phosph-5. hematopoiesis: Haematopoiesis

4、 (from Ancient Greek: haima blood; poiesis to make) (or hematopoiesis in the United States; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. 6. platelet: Platelets, or thrombocytes, are the cells circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mec

5、hanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots. Both thrombocytopenia (or thrombopenia) and thrombocytosis may present with coagulation problems. Generally, low platelet counts increase bleeding risks and thrombocytosis (high counts) may lead to thrombosis .7. diaphysis, epiph

6、ysis : The diaphysis is the main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. Epiphysis is the name for a rounded end of a long bone. 8. metacarpal: Ther metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which form

7、s the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. 9. metatarsal: The metatarsus consists of the five long bones of the foot,10. phalanx: bones of the fingers and toes.femus; 11. The femur is the thigh（大腿） bone. In humans, it is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest

8、bone. It forms part of the hip and part of the knee.The word femur is Latin for thigh. 12. spongy; 1:resembling a sponge: a:soft and full of cavities b:elastic, porous, and absorbent. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than comp

9、act bone.13. sternum: The sternum (from Greek , sternon, chest or breastbone) is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). It connects to the rib bones via cartilage, forming the rib cage with them, and thus helps to protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from physical

10、 trauma.The sternum is sometimes cut open (a median sternotomy) to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery. 14. The scapula forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle.（肩带） 15. Wormian bone - any of the tiny soft bones found in the sutures between cranial bone

11、s16. A sesamoid is a bone embedded（埋burry） in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body. In anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon. They usually resemble sesame芝麻 seed, hence the name.Sesamoid bones are typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a

12、joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect.17. A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone1 and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligame

13、nts except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. 18. A tendon is a structure that connects muscle to bone. Tendons are commonly inflamed is a condition called tendonitis.19. The patella or kneecap is a thick, triangular bone wh

14、ich articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body.20. Ossification is the process of bone formation, in which connective tissues, such as cartilage are turned to bone or bone-like tissue. The blood vessels bring minerals like cal

15、cium and deposit it in the ossifying tissue. Bone formation is a dynamic process, with cells called osteoblasts depositing minerals, and osteoclasts removing bone.1 This process, termed bone remodeling continues throughout life.221. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living or

16、ganisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism 分解breaks down large molecules, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration.

17、Anabolism,合成 on the other hand, uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. metabolically: Of, relating to, or resulting from metabolism22. A bone is never metabolically at rest. It constantly remodels and reappropriates its matrix.23. bone matrix: The intercellu

18、lar substance of bone tissue consisting of collagen fibers, ground substance, and inorganic bone salts.24. distal/ proximal: proximal proximus, Latin, the nearest ,Proximal is the opposite of distal. Proximal as an anatomical position means nearest the center of the body, or at the beginning of a st

19、ructure. The proximal part of the ureter is near the kidney. The distal part of the ureter is nearest the bladder. Bones are said to articulate proximally and distally with other bones. The proximal end of the thigh bone, the femur, forms a joint with the socket of the hip bone. In anatomy, distal m

20、eans remote from the point of attachment, or away from the center of the body. For example, each finger and toe except for the thumb and big toe has three end bones called phalanges. The distal phalanx of a finger is the bone farthest away from the center of the body, so its the very last, outermost

21、 bone at the tip of the finger.25. shaft: the main body or the trunk 26. clot: to coagulate. Blood clot (thrombus) is the result of coagulation of blood.27. osteoclast: An osteoclast (from the Greek words for bone and broken) is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing its mineralize

22、d matrix. This process is known as bone resorption.28. osteoblast: An osteoblast (from the Greek words for bone and germ or embryonic) is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly being reshaped by osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteo

23、clasts, which resorb bone29. homeostasis: Homeostasis (from Greek: , hmos, equal; and , istmi, to stand lit. to stand equally) is the property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condi

24、tion. Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments and regulation mechanisms make homeostasis possible.30. bone spur: A bone spur (osteophyte) is a bony growth formed on normal bone. Most people think of something sharp when they think of a spur,?but a bone spur is just extra bone. Its usually smooth, b

25、ut it can cause wear and tear or pain if it presses or rubs on other bones or soft tissues such as ligaments or tendons in the body. Common places for bone spurs include the spine, shoulders, hands, hips, knees, and feet.31. Pagets disease is a chronic bone disorder that is due to irregular breakdow

26、n and formation of bone tissue. Pagets disease can cause bones to expand and weaken and may result in bone pain, arthritis, bone deformity and fractures. It is usually localized to one bone but can involve many bones. The actual cause of Pagets disease is not known. Pagets disease is also known as o

27、steitis deformans. 32. phagocytose: To perform phagocytosis, denoting the action of phagocytic cells. Synonym: phagocytise.33. gastrointestinal tract: The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal) is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extra

28、ct energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.34. Growth hormone (GH) is a protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates growth and cell reproduction.35. The pituitary gland, or hyp

29、ophysis, is an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis. Acromegaly(in adult) and gigantism (in children ) are hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess human growth hormone. Dwarfism, pituitary: Dwar

30、fism caused by a lack of growth hormone, usually due to malfunction of the pituitary gland. Children with growth hormone deficiency may grow normally for the first two to three years of life but they then fall behind their peers in height.36. Calcitonin is a hormone known to participate in calcium a

31、nd phosphorus metabolism.37. The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the neck inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage (also known as the Adams apple in men). The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the

32、 body should be to other hormones. The thyroid participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. The thyroid also produces the hormone calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis. The thyroid is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary. The gland gets its name from the Greek word for door, after the shape of the related thyroid cartilage. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (unde