有关新闻体翻译广告翻译文学翻译的讲义.docx

1、有关新闻体翻译广告翻译文学翻译的讲义Lecture oneCourse requirements and evaluation What is Stylistics about?Language is a medium of conveying information and communicating feelings. To fulfill the communicative purpose, people should make the use of language. Considering different communicative environment, methods, o

2、bjectives and purposes, communicators would opt different language varieties (语言变体) that has different functions so as to perform their communication effectively. The language varieties are what people called “style” (文体或语体). The use of “Style” can extend to all situationally distinctive uses of lan

3、guage, literary and non-literary. As for English, for example, there are many styles of varieties, such as EST (English for Science and Technology), Advertising English, Press English, Law English, Tourism English, etc. In the middle 1970s, many scholars made the application of modern linguistics an

4、d literary criticism to the exploring research on various types of styles, thus bringing us a new discipline- Stylistics. Stylistics, simply defined, is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the style of language is used. Stylistics and Transla

5、tion StudiesGenerally speaking, stylistics covers such fields: 1) analyzing various habits of language use to ensure the typical characteristics of a certain style; 2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics; 3) classifying these characters according to their language

6、functions. As a matter of fact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.According to linguists Buler and Jackbson, there are three functions of language: expressive function, informative function, and vocative functio

7、n. Any original work has the three functions. Just as Newmark says, “The main functions of language are expressive (the subjective or “I” form), the descriptive or informative (the “it” form), and the vocative or directive or persuasive (the “you” form). All texts have aspects of the expressive, the

8、 informative and the vocative function. Generally speaking, literary work mainly focuses on the expressive function, while non-literary works mainly center on informative function and vocative function. Compare the differences of English for Advertising and Literary work, for example. Now the exampl

9、es:1. He laughs best who runs longest. 谁跑到最后,谁笑得最好。（轮胎广告）2. In Miami, its no novelty. 游了迈阿密，才知天下奇。3.Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering alone showing that was not complete sleep or if sleep, that is was sleep

10、with dream.眼前不远,渔舟三五,凝滞不前,樯影映在水上,仿佛睡去,偶尔微见颤动,似又未尝熟睡,恍若惊梦。4.Portia: And you must cut this flesh from off his breast.The law allows it, and the court awards it. Shylock: Most learned judge! A sentence! Come, prepare!(Excerpted from: Act IV, The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare)鲍西娅:你必须从他的胸前割下

11、这磅肉来;法律许可你,法庭判给你。夏洛克：博学多才的法官！判得好！来，预备！It is very important for us to introduce stylistics into translation study. Why can Stylistics be applied to translation study? It lies in that both of them have the same aim, that is, how to fulfill social communication with effective linguistic methods. They b

12、oth put emphasis on the social standard of communicative function; they dont ignore the timeliness and individuality of writing style as well.In the process of translation, it is necessary for translator to deal with his translation carefully in order to make the translation accord with the source t

13、ext in the aspect of style. Now for some examples:5.Grasp all, lose all.Version 1：如果你样样都要抓, 就会一样都抓不到手。Version 2：样样抓，样样差。（贪多必失）As for translation of different types of writing, the key word is “equivalence”. Concretely speaking, there are four aspects of “equivalence”, they are: 1. Equivalence of sem

14、antic message of source language and target language. (原文的语义信息与译文的语义信息对等） 2. Equivalence of stylistic message of source language and target language. (原文的风格信息与译文的风格信息对等）3. Equivalence of cultural message of source language and target language. ( 原文的文化信息与译文的文化信息对等) 4. Equivalence of response of sourc

15、e language readers and target readers. ( 原文的读者反应与译文的读者反应对等)Exercise Translate these terms or sentences of different writings.1.irrevocable letter of credit He insisted on an irrevocable letter of credit.2.fine food, most attractive surroundings and a friendly disposition.3.If people keep telling you

16、 to quit smoking cigarettes, dont listen Theyre probably trying to trick you into living.4.More often, the heart disease process progresses silently until symptoms occur because the pump is not supplying blood insufficient quantity to other organs.1.不可撤消信用证 (指除非信用人同意, 信用证不得撤消) 他坚持只接受不可撤消信用证。 2. 饭菜上乘

17、，环境幽雅，服务一流。3. 凡劝您戒烟的人，一概莫理-他们就想骗您再多活几年。4. 更常见的是, 这种心脏病在发作过程中并无症状,后来发生症状是因为心脏不能给其他器官供应充足的血液。Lecture TwoA Brief Introduction to Translation Theory Prerequisites for Being a Translator (1) Mastery of both source language(原语) and target language(译语). (2) Understanding of cultural background, national ch

18、aracter and customs. (3) Practice makes perfect. Functions of translationto help people better communicate with one another to facilitate the development of culture and civilization of all nationsto promote global economic and cultural development to enrich the ideas and expressions of the target la

19、nguageTranslation as an art or a scienceTranslation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories. Pr

20、inciples for translation and criteria for translationThey are actually identical in essence, the only difference between the two terms lying in the fact that the former is observed from the perspective of the translator, while the latter is examined from the angle of the translation critic. Criteria

21、 for Translation 1. In China 1).严复(1898)的“信，达，雅” faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance“Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought; “Expressiveness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic

22、and sense; “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty. 2).鲁迅的“忠实，通顺” faithfulness and smoothness Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL.Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read with

23、out signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic. 3).傅雷(1951)的（文学翻译 ）“传神”论 similarity in spiritTL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. 4).钱钟书(1964)的“化境”说 transfiguration 5). 刘重德（1979 ） “faithfulness(信), e

24、xpressiveness(达) and closeness(切)”, faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original; closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.2. Western translation theory 1). A. F. Tytler s Three Principles of translatio

25、n a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and the manner of writing should be the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.2) E. A. Nidas Functional Equiva

26、lence Equivalence is a central concept in translation theory, but it is also a controversial one. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体上在译语中用最

27、切近而且最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。） (Nida and Taber, 1982)3) Peter Newmark Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the ST. Semantic translation focuse

28、s primarily upon the semantic content of the source text.Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.4

29、) Skopos Theory(Vermeer 1978, Christiane Nord 1988)Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was developed in Germany in the late 1970s, and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented

30、 concept of translation. Lecture three Translation TechniqueLiteral translation & Free/liberal translation 直译与意译 a choice on whether to retain form and structure based on expressiveness and smoothnessLiteral translation: an adequate representation of the original, especially when the original coinci

31、dence with the target language. Free/liberal translation: no strict adherence to the form or word order of the original. E.g. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 与狼为伍将学会狼嗥。 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 One swallow does not make a summer. 一只燕子不能造成夏季。 一燕不成夏。 偏不概全。 He is between the devil and the deep se

32、a. 他在魔鬼与深海之间。 他进退两难。 He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat.他需要拿出一个绝招来（直译：他需要从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来） Transliteration 音译：the representation of foreign pronunciations in TL, especially used for proper nouns, terms, etc.胡同、气功、台风、秧歌、舢板 hutong, qigong, typhoon, yangko, sampan豆腐、馄饨、大饼 tofu, huntun, dabinOften used with other techniques !虎跑泉、景德镇、唐明皇 Hupao Spring, Jingdezhen City，Emperor Tang Ming Huang Foreignization & Domestication 异化与归化: Foreignization: If the translator